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9780805346022

Biotechnology : Demystifying the Concepts

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  • ISBN13:

    9780805346022

  • ISBN10:

    0805346023

  • Edition: 1st
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2000-01-01
  • Publisher: Benjamin Cummings

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

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Summary

Biotechnology: Demystifying the Concepts not only presents key concepts in biotechnology but examines the far-reaching social, ethical and political issues raised by this evolving field. The text begins with basic scientific concepts, then guides students through multi-staged biotechnical applications, and finally explores biotechnology's effects on today's society and on future generations. Abundant examples, based on real life issues, illustrate and clarify topic discussions.

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO LIVING THINGS
1(22)
The Cellular Basis of Life
2(1)
Organization of Cells
3(3)
Biomolecules
6(5)
Lipids
7(2)
Proteins
9(2)
Nucleic Acids
11(1)
Carbohydrates
11(1)
Chemical Forces Important to Biomolecules
11(5)
Ionic Bonds
12(1)
Covalent Bonds
13(1)
Hydrogen Bonds
14(2)
Hydrophobic Forces
16(1)
The Key to Life
16(5)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
17(1)
Activation Energy
18(1)
Catalysis
19(1)
Enzymes
20(1)
Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions
20(1)
ISSUES: Risk and New Technology
21(1)
Summary
22(1)
Review Questions
22(1)
CHAPTER 2 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: THE FLOW OF INFORMATION WITHIN CELLS
23(24)
The Structure of DNA
24(6)
Building Blocks
24(1)
The Double-stranded Structure
25(4)
The Helix
29(1)
Review of Structure and Function
30(1)
The Flow of Biological Information
30(14)
The Language of DNA
31(1)
Transcription
32(5)
Translation
37(5)
Replication of DNA
42(1)
Differences Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
42(2)
ISSUES: Who Owns Our Genes?
44(1)
Summary
45(1)
Review Questions
45(2)
CHAPTER 3 CHROMOSOMES, CELL DIVISION, AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
47(21)
The Packaging and Structure of Chromosomes
48(4)
Cell Division
52(6)
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
52(1)
Mitosis
53(4)
Cytokinesis
57(1)
Mitosis in Context
57(1)
Sexual Reproduction
58(2)
The Benefits of Genetic Variety
60(4)
ISSUES: Genetic Differences Between Sexes
64(2)
ESSAY: Genes, Behavior, and Prejudice
66(1)
Summary
67(1)
Review Questions
67(1)
CHAPTER 4 MENDELIAN GENETICS
68(18)
The Law of Equal Segregation
69(8)
Inheritance of Traits
69(3)
Significance of Statistical Rations
72(2)
Diagraming Inheritance
74(2)
Developing a Model
76(1)
The Law of Independent Assortment
77(2)
Observing Multiple Traits
77(1)
Developing a Model
77(2)
ESSAY: Science Is More than Facts
79(1)
Extensions of Mendelian Genetics
80(4)
Incomplete Dominance
80(2)
Genetic Linkage
82(2)
ISSUES: Generalizations and Exceptions
84(1)
Summary
84(1)
Review Questions
85(1)
CHAPTER 5 MUTATIONS AND GENETIC DISEASE
86(19)
Gene-level Mutations
87(5)
Environmental Mutagens
87(2)
Mutations and the Flow of Information
89(3)
Chromosome-level Mutations
92(3)
Deletions
92(1)
Translocations
92(1)
Aneuploidy
93(2)
ESSAY: Can Knowledge of Genetic Makeup Create Stigmas?
95(1)
Genetic Diseases
95(8)
Autosomal Recessive Disorders
96(2)
Autosomal Dominant Disorders
98(3)
X-linked Diseases
101(2)
Genetic Predispositions
103(1)
Summary
103(1)
Review Questions
104(1)
CHAPTER 6 COMPLEXITIES OF GENETICS: POLYGENES, BEHAVIORAL TRAITS, AND EUGENICS
105(20)
Polygenic Traits
105(3)
Variability and the Environment
108(3)
Familial and Heritable Traits
108(1)
Measuring Heritability: Twin Studies
109(1)
Behavioral Traits
110(1)
ESSAY: Genetic Determinism
111(1)
Eugenics--A Social Movement Based on the Inheritance of Complex Traits
112(11)
The Origin of "Degeneracy"
114(2)
Intelligence Testing and Eugenics
116(5)
Political Effects of Eugenics
121(1)
Eugenics in Nazi Germany
122(1)
The Decline of Eugenics
123(1)
ISSUES: The Balance of Social and Scientific Beliefs
123(1)
A Final Questions
123(1)
Summary
124(1)
Review Questions
124(1)
CHAPTER 7 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
125(13)
Regulation of Metabolism
125(3)
Control of Gene Expression
128(2)
Cellular Communication
130(4)
Specificity of Molecular Interactions
130(2)
Signal Transduction
132(2)
Disease: The Loss of Biological Control
134(1)
Biotechnology's Concern: Useful Changes in Control
135(1)
ISSUES: Ethics in Biotechnology
135(1)
Summary
136(1)
Review Questions
136(2)
CHAPTER 8 GENETIC ENGINEERING: TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
138(32)
Diabetes and the Role of Insulin
138(2)
ISSUES: Treat the Symptoms or Prevent the Disease?
140(1)
General Considerations
141(3)
Biological Reactions Inside and Outside the Cell
141(1)
Growing Bacteria in the Laboratory
142(2)
Detecting What Happens to Individual Molecules
144(1)
The Cloning and Expression of Genes
144(4)
Obtaining the Insulin Gene
144(2)
Inserting Genes into Bacterial Cells
146(2)
ISSUES: Why Do Restriction Enzymes Exist in Nature?
148(4)
Selecting Cells with the Desired Gene
151(1)
ISSUES: Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria--Evolution in Action
152(12)
Inducing the Expression of Insulin in Bacterial Cells
158(4)
Purifying the Product
162(2)
ISSUES: Safety in Genetic Engineering
164(2)
Cloning Considerations
166(2)
Choosing a Cloning Vector
166(2)
Choosing a Host
168(1)
Summary
168(1)
Review Questions
169(1)
CHAPTER 9 MORE GENETIC ENGINEERING: ANALYSIS OF DNA AND APPLICATIONS
170(37)
Analysis of DNA Moledules
171(5)
Gel Electrophoresis
171(5)
DNA Sequencing
176(12)
Hybridization
178(6)
Polymerase Chain Reaction
184(2)
RFLP Analysis
186(2)
Applications of Recombinant DNA: Products and Processes
188(2)
Basic Research
188(1)
The Human Genome Project
189(1)
ISSUES: The Value of the Human Genome Project
190(12)
Medical Applications
190(3)
Forensics
193(2)
Environmental Applications
195(1)
Agricultural Uses of Recombinant DNA
196(2)
Plants and Bacteria
198(3)
Insecticides and Herbicides
201(1)
ISSUES: Genetic Engineering and Evolution
202(1)
ESSAY: Concerns About the Use of Recombinant DNA
203(2)
Summary
205(1)
Review Questions
206(1)
CHAPTER 10 GENETIC DISEASE AND GENE THERAPY
207(28)
Genes That Cause Disease
207(5)
Inheritance of Disease
208(1)
Finding and Cloning a Human Disease-causing Gene
209(3)
Genetic Diagnosis
212(7)
Specificity of Diagnosis
213(2)
Prenatal Diagnosis
215(2)
Embryonic Diagnosis
217(1)
Diagnosis of Adults
218(1)
ISSUES: To Know or Not to Know?
219(1)
Genetic Screening
220(3)
Tay-Sachs Screening
221(1)
Sickle-cell Anemia Screening
222(1)
ESSAY: When Should a Screening Program Be Instituted?
223(1)
Genetic Counseling
224(1)
Treatment of Genetic Disease
224(6)
Traditional Treatments
224(1)
Gene Therapy
224(6)
Social Implications of Treating Genetic Disease
230(2)
Regulation and Approval of Gene Therapy Trials
230(1)
Germ Line Gene Therapy
231(1)
ESSAY: A Response to Koshland
232(1)
Summary
233(1)
Review Questions
233(2)
CHAPTER 11 IMMUNOLOGY
235(32)
First Line of Defense
236(1)
Nonspecific Defenses
236(5)
Cells That Kill Invading Microorganisms
236(3)
Antimicrobial Proteins
239(1)
The Inflammatory Response
240(1)
The Fever Response
240(1)
The Immune System
241(15)
The Immune Response
241(6)
The Diversity of the Immune System
247(2)
Self-recognition by the Immune System
249(5)
Vaccines
254(2)
The State of Some Infectious Diseases
256(1)
ESSAY: Vaccines for the Third World
257(8)
Smallpox
258(1)
Measles
259(1)
Polio
260(1)
Tetanus
261(1)
Malaria
261(4)
Summary
265(1)
Review Questions
265(2)
CHAPTER 12 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY TECHNOLOGY
267(16)
Producing Antibodies
267(6)
Polyclonal Antibodies
268(2)
Monoclonal Antibodies
270(3)
Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies
273(5)
Medical Diagnosis--ELISA Tests
273(3)
Treatment of Disease and "Magic Bullets"
276(2)
ESSAY: Treating Symptoms
278(3)
Passive Immunization
279(1)
Detection, Isolation, and Purification of Biomolecules
279(2)
Summary
281(1)
Review Questions
281(2)
CHAPTER 13 AIDS AND HIV
283(30)
The HIV Virus
284(7)
HIV Replication Cycle
287(3)
Why Does HIV Infection Result in AIDS?
290(1)
HIV and the Immune System
291(2)
Initial Response to HIV Infection
291(1)
How HIV Evades the Immune System
291(2)
Diagnosing HIV Infection
293(4)
Testing for the Presence of Antibodies Against HIV
293(2)
Testing for the Presence of HIV Genes: PCR Test
295(2)
Treating HIV Infection
297(7)
Efforts to Boost the Immune System
297(1)
Preventing the Spread of HIV Throughout the Body
297(7)
ISSUES: Vaccines Against HIV
304(1)
ESSAY: The Economics of Illness
304(4)
Animal Models of HIV Infection
305(1)
Testing New Therapeutic Agents
306(2)
ESSAY: Should Promising Drugs Be Approved for Use Before Testing Is Complete?
308(1)
ESSAY: How Safe Should Therapeutic Agents Be?
309(1)
The Role of Biotechnology in HIV and AIDS Research
310(1)
Summary
311(1)
Review Questions
311(2)
CHAPTER 14 CANCER
313(23)
What Is Cancer?
313(2)
Common Traits of Tumor Cells
315(5)
Benign and Malignant Tumors
318(1)
Tumors and the Immune System
318(2)
Cancer as a Genetic Disease
320(5)
Cancer and Viruses
320(2)
Proto-oncogences and Tumor Induction
322(1)
Transformation: What Does It Take?
322(3)
Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer
325(7)
Diagnosis
325(1)
Traditional Treatments and Therapies
326(2)
New Approaches to Cancer Therapy
328(4)
ISSUES: The War Against Cancer
332(1)
Summary
333(1)
Review Questions
334(2)
CHAPTER 15 THE BUSINESS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES
336(17)
The Choice of Product or Service
337(6)
Ideas and Research
337(1)
Typical Sequence of Events
338(3)
Risk and Reward
341(2)
Patents and the Protection of Ideas
343(5)
Patenting Life
343(3)
Other Patents
346(2)
Biotechnology in the United States: A Status Report
348(3)
Biotechnology in Health Care
349(1)
Biotechnology in Agriculture
350(1)
Biotechnology and the Environment
351(1)
Summary
351(1)
Review Questions
352(1)
CHAPTER 16 BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD
353(19)
Blueprints for Success
354(1)
The Promises and Potential of Biotechnology
355(10)
Agriculture
355(2)
Food Products
357(2)
Livestock Breeding and Animal Health
359(4)
Medicine and Public Health
363(1)
Energy
364(1)
Bioconversion and Recycling of Materials
364(1)
Application: Ethanol Production in Brazil and the United States
365(2)
Application: Malaysia and Palm Oil
367(3)
Summary
370(1)
Review Questions
370(2)
CHAPTER 17 NOW WHAT?
372(15)
The Technical Aspects of Biotechnology
372(3)
Summary of Risks
373(1)
Potential Breakthroughs?
373(2)
Genetic Information: Potential Uses and Abuses
375(6)
Inheritance
375(1)
Causality
376(1)
Genetic Determinism
376(1)
Testing and Prediction
377(2)
Scientific Reductionism
379(1)
Ownership and Responsibility
380(1)
Sociology of Science
381(1)
Biotechnology: Risks and Ethics
382(3)
Summary
385(1)
Review Questions
385(2)
GLOSSARY 387(16)
INDEX 403

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