This book is useful for anyone interested in the basic structural and functional characteristics of the digestive system and how these vary among vertebrate groups and species. It discusses all of the major aspects of nutrition, anatomy and physiology in all of the major groups of vertebrates. It contains numerous figures and tables to aid in their comparison, including many illustrations of gastrointestinal tracts of vertebrates prepared so as to allow for direct comparison. The terminology of scientific specialties and sub-specialties is defined and animals are referred to by both their common and scientific names. Relationships between digestive strategies and the diet and environment are discussed throughout the text, and brought together in a chapter on the evolution of the digestive system. The final chapter offers a brief summary of the major concepts and suggests future directions for research.

Preface

xv

Energy and nutrient requirements

1

(10)

Metabolic rates

2

(4)

Energy and food requirements

6

(2)

Water turnover and requirements

8

(1)

Protein requirements

9

(1)

Energy and protein requirements of the digestive system

9

(1)

Summary

10

(1)

General characteristics of the vertebrate digestive system

11

(13)

Headgut

13

(2)

Foregut

15

(3)

Esophagus

15

(1)

Stomach

16

(2)

Midgut

18

(2)

Pancreas and biliary system

20

(1)

Hindgut

20

(3)

Cloaca

23

(1)

Summary

23

(1)

The digestive system of fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds

24

(22)

Fish

24

(7)

Amphibians

31

(5)

Reptiles

36

(4)

Birds

40

(5)

Summary

45

(1)

The mammalian gastrointestinal tract

46

(48)

Monotremata

50

(1)

Pholidota

50

(1)

Tubulidentata

51

(1)

Cetacea

51

(2)

Macroscelidea

53

(1)

Insectivora

53

(2)

Scandentia

55

(1)

Chiroptera

55

(3)

Carnivora

58

(2)

Marsupialia

60

(2)

Edentata

62

(5)

Rodentia

67

(3)

Primates

70

(7)

Artiodactyla

77

(11)

Dermoptera

88

(1)

Lagomorpha

88

(1)

Perissodactyla

89

(1)

Proboscidea

90

(1)

Sirenia

90

(2)

Hyracoidea

92

(1)

Summary

92

(2)

Motor activity

94

(24)

Esophagus

95

(5)

Deglutition

95

(2)

Regurgitation

97

(2)

Eructation

99

(1)

Stomach

100

(8)

Midgut

108

(3)

Hindgut

111

(5)

Summary

116

(2)

Digesta transit and retention

118

(34)

Retention of particles

132

(3)

Retention of fluid

135

(8)

Digestive strategies and models of digesta flow in vertebrates

143

(5)

Batch reactors

145

(1)

Plug-flow reactors

146

(1)

Continuous-flow, stirred-tank reactors

146

(1)

Modified plug-flow reactors

147

(1)

Applications of models

148

(2)

Summary

150

(2)

Digestion of carbohydrate, lipids, and protein and the absorption of end products

152

(36)

Digestion

152

(2)

Carbohydrates

154

(12)

Structural carbohydrates

155

(5)

Storage carbohydrates

160

(1)

Oligosaccharides and disaccharides

161

(5)

Lipids

166

(4)

Proteins

170

(5)

Endopeptidases

170

(1)

Pepsin

170

(1)

Chymosin

171

(1)

Trypsin

171

(1)

Chymotrypsin

172

(1)

Elastase

172

(2)

Collagenase

174

(1)

Exopeptidases

174

(1)

Pancreatic carboxypeptidases

174

(1)

Intestinal peptidases

174

(1)

Nucleic acids

175

(2)

Absorption

177

(4)

Carbohydrates

181

(1)

Lipids

181

(1)

Peptides and amino acids

182

(1)

Vitamins

183

(1)

Ontogeny

183

(3)

Summary

186

(2)

Microbial fermentation and synthesis of nutrients and the absorption of end products

188

(41)

The ruminant forestomach

189

(14)

Microbes

189

(8)

Fermentation of carbohydrates

197

(5)

Nitrogen recycling and synthesis of microbial protein

202

(1)

Synthesis of vitamins

203

(1)

Digestive tracts of other species

203

(12)

Foregut

203

(2)

Midgut

205

(3)

Hindgut

208

(1)

Microbes

208

(1)

Fermentation of carbohydrates

209

(4)

Nitrogen recycling and synthesis of microbial protein

213

(2)

Synthesis of vitamins

215

(1)

Coprophagy

215

(5)

Herbivores

220

(4)

Dietary diseases associated with microbial fermentation

224

(2)

Summary

226

(3)

Secretion and absorption of electrolytes and water

229

(39)

Electrolyte composition of body fluid compartments

231

(7)

Electrolyte transport mechanisms

238

(21)

Mechanisms of transport

238

(3)

Salivary secretion

241

(3)

Pancreatic secretion

244

(1)

Biliary secretion

245

(1)

Gastric secretion and absorption

246

(1)

Proper gastric glandular mucosa

246

(1)

Cardiac glandular mucosa

247

(1)

Pyloric glandular mucosa

248

(1)

Stratified squamous epithelium

248

(3)

Intestine

251

(1)

Midgut

252

(3)

Hindgut

255

(4)

Enterosystemic circulation

259

(7)

Summary

266

(2)

Neuroendocrine control

268

(20)

Neural control of the digestive system

269

(9)

Anatomy

269

(5)

Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators

274

(4)

Endocrine control of the digestive system

278

(8)

Gastrin

278

(2)

Cholecystokinin

280

(2)

Secretin

282

(1)

Gastric-inhibitory polypeptide

283

(1)

Enteroglucagons

283

(1)

Pancreatic polypeptide

284

(1)

Peptide YY

284

(1)

Somatostatin

284

(1)

Motilin

285

(1)

Neurotensin

285

(1)

Melatonin

285

(1)

Cytokines

286

(1)

Summary

286

(2)

Evolution of the digestive system

288

(35)

Headgut

291

(1)

Foregut

292

(2)

Salivary, pancreatic, and biliary secretion

294

(2)

Intestine

296

(4)

Midgut

297

(1)

Hindgut

298

(2)

Neuroendocrine control

300

(2)

Evolution of herbivores

302

(18)

Invertebrates

302

(2)

Fish

304

(1)

Amphibians

304

(1)

Reptiles

305

(3)

Birds

308

(1)

Mammals

308

(5)

Rodents

313

(2)

Ungulates

315

(2)

Cetaceans

317

(1)

Macropod marsupials

318

(2)

Summary

320

(3)

Conclusions and future directions

323

(6)

References

329

(62)

Index

391

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Comparative Physiology of the Vertebrate Digestive System

9780521617147

0521617146

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