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9780470282007

Plant Biotechnology and Genetics : Principles, Techniques and Applications

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780470282007

  • ISBN10:

    0470282002

  • Format: eBook
  • Copyright: 2008-06-01
  • Publisher: Wiley-Interscience
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Summary

* Provides a thorough overview of botany and genetics for those students with minimal background in those areas, with coverage extending from very basic introductory materials to advanced techniques and applications * Includes autobiographical essays from eminent scientists to provide insight into the field of plant biotechnology and how it is changing the face of agriculture * Facilitates group discussions on problems and issues in plant biotechnology through the use of chapter questions and problems * Includes a CD ROM with colour graphics to aid students and teachers in presenting and understanding the material.

Table of Contents

Preface.
Foreword to Plant Biotechnology and Genetics.
Contributors.
Plant Agriculture: The Impact of Biotechnology (Graham Brookes)
Chapter Summary and Objectives
Introduction
Biotechnology Crops Plantings
Why Farmers Use Biotech Crops
Herbicide-Tolerant Crops
Insect-Resistant Crops
Conclusion
How the Adoption of Plant Biotechnology Has Impacted the Environment
Environmental Impacts from Changes in Insecticide and Herbicide Use
Impact on Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions
Conclusions
References
Mendelian Genetics and Plant Reproduction (Matthew DHalfhill and Suzanne IWarwick)
Chapter Summary and Objectives
Summary
Discussion Questions
Genetics Overview
Mendelian Genetics
Law of Segregation
Law of Independent Assortment
Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis
Meiosis
Recombination
Cytogenetic Analysis
Plant Reproductive Biology
History of Research
Mating Systems
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Mating Systems Summary
Hybridization and Polyploidy
Conclusion
References
Plant Breeding (Nicholas ATinker)
Chapter Summary and Objectives
Summary
Discussion Questions
Introduction
Central Concepts in Plant Breeding
Simple versus Complex Inheritance
Phenotype versus Genotype
Mating Systems, Varieties, Landraces, and Pure Lines
Other Topics in Population and Quantitative Genetics
The Value of a Plant Variety Depends on Many Traits
Varieties Must Be Adapted to Environments
Plant Breeding Is a Numbers Game
Plant Breeding Is an Iterative and Collaborative Process
Diversity, Adaptation, and Ideotypes
Other Considerations
Objectives for Plant Breeding
Methods of Plant Breeding
Methods of Hybridization
Self-Pollinated Species
Outcrossing Species
Synthetic Varieties
Hybrid Varieties
Clonally Propagated Species
Breeding Enhancements
Doubled Haploidy
Marker-Assisted Selection
Mutation Breeding
Apomixis
Conclusions
References
Plant Development and Physiology (Glenda EGillaspy)
Chapter Summary and Objectives
Summary
Discussion Questions
Plant Anatomy and Morphology
Embryogenesis and Seed Germination
Gametogenesis
Fertilization
Fruit Development
Embryogenesis
Seed Germination
Photomorphogenesis
Meristems
Shoot Apical Meristem
Root Apical Meristem and Root Development
Leaf Development
Leaf Structure
Leaf Development Patterns
Flower Development
Floral Evocation
Floral Organ Identity and the ABC Model
Hormone Physiology and Signal Transduction
Seven Plant Hormones and Their Actions
Plant Hormone Signal Transduction
Auxin and GA Signaling
Cytokinin and Ethylene Signaling
Brassinosteroid Signal Transduction
Conclusions
References
Tissue Culture: The Manipulation of Plant Development (Vinitha Cardoza)
Chapter Summary and Objectives
Summary
Discussion Questions
Introduction
History
Media and Culture Conditions
Basal Media
Growth Regulators
Sterile Technique
Clean Equipment
Surface Sterilization of Explants
Culture Conditions and Vessels
Culture Types and Their Uses
Callus Culture
Somaclonal Variation
Cell Suspension Culture
Production of Secondary Metabolites and Recombinant Proteins Using Cell Culture
Anther/Microspore Culture
Protoplast Culture
Somatic Hybridization
Embryo Culture
Meristem Culture
Regeneration Methods of Plants in Culture
Organogenesis
Indirect Organogenesis
Direct Organogenesis
Somatic Embryogenesis
Synthetic Seeds
Acclimation
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Molecular Genetics of Gene Expression (Maria Gallo and Alison KFlynn)
Chapter Summary and Objectives
Summary
Discussion Questions
The gene
DNA Coding for a Protein via the Gene
DNA as a Polynucleotide
DNA Packaging into Eukaryotic Chromosomes
Transcription
Transcription of DNA to Produce Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transcription Factors
Coordinated Regulation of Gene Expression
Chromatin as an Important Regulator of Transcription
Regulation of Gene Expression by DNA Methylation
Processing to Produce Mature mRNA
Translation
Initiation of Translation
Translation Elongation
Translation Termination
Protein Postranslational Modification
References
Recombinant DNA, Vector Design, and Construction (Mark DCurtis)
Chapter Summary and Objectives
Summary
Discussion Questions
DNA Modification
DNA Vectors
DNA Vectors for Plant Transformation
Components for Efficient Gene Expression in Plants
Greater Demands Lead to Innovation
Site-Specific DNA Recombination
Gateway Cloning
CreatorTM Cloning
Univector (EchoTM) Cloning
Vector Design
Vectors for High-Throughput Functional Analysis
Vectors for RNA Interference (RNAi)
Expression Vectors
Vectors for Promoter Analysis
Vectors Derived from Plant Sequences
Vectors for Multigenic Traits
Targeted Transgene Insertions
Safety Features in Vector Design
Prospects
References
Genes and Traits of Interest for Transgenic Plants (Kenneth LKorth)
Chapter Summary and Objectives
Summary
Discussion Questions
Introduction
Identifying Genes of Interest via Genomic Studies
Traits for Improved Crop Production
Herbicide Resistance
Insect Resistance
Pathogen Resistance
Traits for Improved Products and Food Quality
Nutritional Improvements
Modified Plant Oils
Pharmaceutical Products
Biofuels
Conclusions
References
Marker Genes and Promoters (Brian Miki)
Chapter Summary and Objectives
Summary
Discussion Questions
Introduction
Definition of Marker Genes
Selectable Marker Genes: An Introduction
Reporter Genes: An Introduction
Promoters
Selectable Marker Genes
Conditional Positive Selectable Marker Gene Systems
Selection on Antibiotics
Selection on Herbicides
Selection Using Nontoxic Metabolic Substrates
Nonconditional Positive Selection Systems
Conditional Negative Selection Systems
Nonconditional Negative Selection Systems
Nonselectable Marker Genes or Reporter Genes
b-Glucuronidase
Luciferase
Green Fluorescent Protein
Marker-Free Strategies
Conclusions
References
Transgenic Plant Production (John Finer and Taniya Dhillon)
Chapter Summary and Objectives
Summary
Discussion Questions
Overview
Basic Components for Successful Gene Transfer to Plant Cells
Visualizing the General Transformation Process
DNA Delivery
Target Tissue Status
Selection and Regeneration
Agrobacterium
History of Our Knowledge of Agrobacterium
Use of the T-DNA Transfer Process for Transformation
Optimizing Delivery and Broadening the Range of Targets
Agroinfiltration
Arabidopsis Floral Dip
Particle Bombardment
istory of Particle Bombardment
he Fate of Introduced DNA
he Power and Problems of Direct DNA Introduction
mprovements in Transgene Expression
Other Methods
The Need for Additional Technologies
Protoplasts
Whole-Tissue Electroporation
Silicon Carbide Whiskers
Viral Vectors
Laser Micropuncture
Nanofiber Arrays
The Rush to Publish
Controversial Reports of Plant Transformation
DNA Uptake in Pollen
Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Maize Seedlings
Pollen Tube Pathway
Rye Floral Tiller Injection
Electrotransformation of Germinating Pollen Grain
Medicago Transformation via Seedling Infiltration
Criteria to Consider: Whether My Plant Is Transgenic
Resistance Genes
Marker Genes
Transgene DNA
A Look to the Future
References
Transgenic Plant Analysis (Janice Zale)
Chapter Summary and Objectives
Summary
Discussion Questions
Introduction
Directionally Named Analyses: As the Compass Turns
Initial Screens: Putative Transgenic Plants
Screens on Selection Media
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs)
Definitive Molecular Characterization
Intact Transgene Integration
Determining the Presence of Intact Transgenes or Constructs
Transgene Expression: Transcription
Northern Blot Analysis
Quantitative Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase (RT)-PCR
Transgene Expression: Translation: Western Blot Analyses
Digital Imaging
Phenotypic Analysis
Conclusions
References
Regulations and Biosafety (Alan McHughen)
Chapter Summary and Objectives
Summary
Discussion Questions
Introduction
History of Genetic Engineering and its Regulation
Regulation of GE
United States
USDA
FDA
EPA
EU
Canada
International Perspectives
Conclusions
References
Field Testing of Transgenic Plants (Detlef Bartsch, Achim Gathmann, Christiane Saeglitz, and Arti Sinha)
Chapter Summary and Objectives
Summary
Discussion Questions
Introduction
Environmental Risk Assessment (Era) Process
Initial Evaluation (ERA Step 1)
Problem Formulation (ERA Step 2)
Controlled Experiments and Gathering of Information(ERA Step 3)
Risk Evaluation (ERA Step 4)
Progression through a Tiered Risk Assessment
An Example Risk Assessment: The Case of Bt Maize
Effect of Bt Maize Pollen on Nontarget Caterpillars
Statistical Analysis and Relevance for Predicting Potential Adverse Effects on Butterflies
Proof of Safety versus Proof of Hazard
Proof of Benefits: Agronomic Performance
Conclusions
References
Intellectual Property in Agricultural Biotechnology: Strategies for Open Access (Alan BBennett, Cecilia Chi-Ham, Gregory Graff, and Sara Boettiger)
Chapter Summary and Objectives
Summary
Discussion Questions
Introduction
Intellectual Property Defined
Intellectual Property in Relation to Agricultural Research
Development of an ôAnticommonsö in Agricultural Biotechnology
Transformation Methods
Selectable Markers
Constitutive Promoters
Tissue- or Development-Specific Promoters
Subcellular Localization
Freedom to Operate (FTO)
Strategies for Open Access
Conclusions
References
Why Transgenic Plants Are So Controversial (Douglas Powell)
Chapter Summary and Objectives
Summary
Discussion Questions
Introduction
The Frankenstein Backdrop
Agricultural Innovations and Questions
Perceptions of Risk
Responses to Fear
Feeding Fear: Case Studies
Pusztai's Potatoes
Monarch Butterfly Flap
How Many Benefits are Enough
Continuing Debates
Process versus Product
Health Concerns
Environmental Concerns
Consumer Choice
Business and Control
Conclusions
References
The Future of Plant Biotechnology (CNeal Stewart, Jrand David WOw)
Chapter Summary and Objectives
Summary
Discussion Questions
Introduction
Site-Specific Recombination Systems to Provide Increased Precision
Removal of DNA from Transgenic Plants or Plant Parts
More Precise Integration of DNA
Zinc-Finger Nucleases
The Future of Food (and Fuel and Pharmaceuticals)
Conclusions
References
Index
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

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