9783540260868

1 Introduction and Factors Influencing the Seasonal Growth of Trees

(20)

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.1.1 Perspective

(1)

1.1.2 The Structure of This Book

(1)

1.2 The Environment and Tree-Ring Formation

(1)

1.3 Internal Factors

(9)

1.4 Physical-Geographical Factors

(3)

1.5 Soil Factors

(4)

1.6 Weather Factors

(1)

1.7 Conclusions and Discussion

(2)

2 Tree-Ring Structure in Conifers as an Image of Growth Conditions

(50)

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 The Structure of Conifer Tree Rings and its Measurement

(16)

2.2.1 Measurement of Tree-Ring Width

(4)

2.2.2 Measurement of Wood Density Within Tree Rings

(5)

2.2.3 Measurement of Radial Tracheid Diameter Within Tree-Rings (Tracheidograms)

(5)

2.3 Influence of Internal Factors on Tree-Ring Structure in Conifers

(2)

2.4 Influence of External Factors on Tree-Ring Structure in Conifers

(18)

2.4.1 Light (Intensity and Photoperiod)

(2)

2.4.2 Temperature

(2)

2.4.3 Water

(6)

2.4.4 Some Other Factors

(5)

2.5 Deriving Chronologies for Parameters of Tree-Ring Structure

(6)

2.5.1 Variability of Radial Cell Sizes, Cell Wall Thickness, and Wood Density Within Tree Rings

(2)

2.5.2 Acquisition and Statistical Characteristics of "Cell Chronologies"

(4)

2.6 Long-Term Relations Between Different Anatomical Characteristics of Tree Rings

(5)

2.7 Conclusions and Discussion

(2)

3 Seasonal Cambium Activity and Production of New Xylem Cells

(34)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Seasonal Activity of Cambium and Xylem Differentiation (Basic Definitions)

(2)

3.3 Methods for Studying Seasonal Kinetics of Tree-Ring Growth and the Formation of Their Structure

(4)

3.4 Cell Organization of the Cambial Zone

(3)

3.5 Seasonal Activity of the Cambial Zone (Basic Quantitative Results)

(8)

3.6 A Phenomenological Approach to the Description of the Observed Patterns of Cambial Activity

(12)

3.7 Control of the Important Kinetic Parameters of the Cambial Zone for Cell Production

101

(2)

3.8 Conclusions and Discussion

103

(2)

4 Radial Cell Enlargement

105

(30)

4.1 Introduction

105

(1)

4.2 Cell Expansion and Associated Processes

106

(1)

4.3 Methods to Study the Kinetics of Cell Enlargement and the Main Results

106

(5)

4.4 Results Confirming the Relationship Between the Rate of Division and Tracheid Expansion

111

(17)

4.4.1 Direct Comparison of Radial Growth Rate and Radial Tracheid Dimension

111

(1)

4.4.2 High Frequency Variations of Radial Tracheid Dimension in Conifers

112

(10)

4.4.3 Indirect Evidence for a Relationship Between the Rate of Cell Division in the Cambial Zone and Cell Expansion

122

(6)

4.5 Some Consequences of the Relationship Between Growth Rate and Radial Tracheid Dimension

128

(3)

4.6 Conclusions and Discussion

131

(4)

5 Cell Wall Thickening

135

(16)

5.1 Introduction

135

(1)

5.2 Seasonal Course of Cell Wall Thickening (Process and Basic Results)

136

(3)

5.3 Formation of Compression Wood in Experiments with Inclination

139

(4)

5.4 Relationship Between Radial Tracheid Dimension and Cell Wall Thickness

143

(4)

5.5 Conclusions and Discussion

147

(4)

6 Environmental Control of Xylem Differentiation

151

(38)

6.1 Introduction

151

(1)

6.2 Conceptual Scheme of the Environmental Control of Xylem Differentiation

152

(2)

6.3 Tree-Ring Formation Under Strong Temperature Limitation (Northern Timberline)

154

(15)

6.4 "Differential Tracheidograms" in the Analysis of Weather Conditions Within a Season

169

(4)

6.5 Tree-Ring Anatomy as an Indicator of Climate - Seasonal Growth Relations in a Monsoon Region - an Example of Growth Limitation by High Temperatures and Intra-Seasonal Drought

173

(13)

6.6 Conclusions and Discussion

186

(3)

7 Modeling External Influence on Xylem Development

189

(56)

7.1 Introduction

189

(2)

7.2 Statistical Models in Dendroclimatology and Dendroecology: Their Advantages and Limitations

191

(9)

7.3 Mechanistic (Simulation) Models of Xylem Development

200

(8)

7.3.1 Wilson and Howard's Computer Model for Cambial Activity

200

(7)

7.3.2 Stevens's Model with Slight Modifications

207

(1)

7.4 The Vaganov-Shashkin Simulation Model of Seasonal Growth and Tree-Ring Formation

208

(10)

7.4.1 Growth Rate Dependence on Current Climatic Conditions

211

(3)

7.4.2 Modeling of Cell Growth Within the Cambial Zone and Production of New Xylem Cells

214

(2)

7.4.3 Calculation of Radial Tracheid Dimension and Cell Wall Thickness

216

(2)

7.5 Description of Model Parameters

218

(2)

7.6 An Example of Model Application

220

(23)

7.6.1 Tree Growth and Formation of Annual Rings Near the Polar Timberline

220

(3)

7.6.2 Examples of Modeling of Seasonal Growth and Formation of Tree Rings in the Middle Taiga Zone

223

(3)

7.6.3 Simulation of Annual Tree Growth and Tree-Ring Formation in Trees Growing in the Steppe Zone

226

(6)

7.6.4 Seasonal Growth and Formation of "False Rings" Modeled in Conifer Trees Growing in a Semi-Arid Climate

232

(4)

7.6.5 Modeled Differences in Growth Response to Soil Moisture and High-Temperature Limitation of Conifer Species Growing in a Monsoon Climate

236

(7)

7.7 Conclusions and Discussion

243

(2)

8 Simulation of Tree-Ring Growth Dynamics in Varying and Changing Climates

245

(36)

8.1 Introduction

245

(1)

8.2 Time-Dependent Changes in Response of Growth Rate to Climatic Variations

246

(3)

8.3 Application of the Vaganov-Shashkin Simulation Model to a Wide Range of Species and Site Conditions

249

(3)

8.4 Parameters of the Model and Its Relation to Species, Age and Site Characteristics

252

(5)

8.4.1 Age

252

(1)

8.4.2 Species and Site Characteristics

253

(31)

8.4.2.1 An Example from an Extreme Environment

254

(3)

8.5 Examples of the Simulation of Tree-Ring Growth Dynamics in Temperature-Limited Conditions Under Projected Climate Scenarios

257

(5)

8.6 Examples of the Simulation of Tree-Ring Growth Dynamics in Temperature-Limited and Low Precipitation Conditions Under Projected Climate Scenarios

262

(4)

8.7 Examples of the Simulation of Tree-Ring Growth Dynamics in Water-Limited Conditions Under Projected Climate Scenarios: Comparison of Two Species

266

(4)

8.8 Simulation of Longer-Term Variations in Tree-Ring Dynamics in Dry Conditions

270

(1)

8.9 On the Use of Forward and Inverse Models in Climate Reconstruction

271

(4)

8.10 On the Use of the Forward Model in the Interpretation of Empirical-Statistical Reconstructions

275

(2)

8.11 Simulation From Local and Regional to Hemispheric Scale: Projections For the Future

277

(1)

8.12 Conclusions and Discussion

278

(3)

9 Eco-Physiological Modeling of Tree-Ring Growth

281

(26)

9.1 Introduction

281

(3)

9.2 Description of the Eco-Physiological Model

284

(11)

9.2.1 Microclimatic Data

285

(3)

9.2.2 Soil Water Balance

288

(2)

9.2.3 Photosynthesis

290

(2)

9.2.4 Growth Dynamics

292

(2)

9.2.5 The Allocation of Assimilates

294

(1)

9.3 Determination of Quantitative Values of Coefficients and Parameters

295

(1)

9.4 Examples of Model Applications

296

(9)

9.5 Conclusions and Discussion

305

(2)

10 Epilogue

307

(4)

References

311

(32)

Subject Index

343

(10)

Taxonomic Index

353

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Growth Dynamics of Conifer Tree Rings

3540260862

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