List of Tables | p. ix |
List of Figures | p. xiii |
Foreword | p. xix |
Acknowledgments | p. xxi |
Executive Summary | p. xxiii |
Introduction - UV Disinfection in Water Treatment | p. 1 |
Project Impetus and Goals | p. 1 |
UV Disinfection in Drinking Water Treatment | p. 2 |
Design of UV Processes | p. 3 |
Research Approach | p. 5 |
Long-Term Piloting of UV Disinfection Systems - Pilot Study #1 - Austin, Texas and Orem, Utah | p. 7 |
Experimental Protocol | p. 7 |
UV Disinfection Pilot Units | p. 7 |
Pilot Plant Design | p. 13 |
Water Quality Sampling Protocol | p. 16 |
UV Reactor Performance Monitoring | p. 16 |
Long-Term Piloting Results | p. 19 |
Water Quality | p. 19 |
UV Performance Data | p. 25 |
Summary | p. 51 |
Long-Term Piloting of UV Disinfection Systems - Pilot Study #2 - Atlanta | p. 53 |
Experimental Protocol | p. 53 |
UV Disinfection Pilot Units | p. 53 |
Pilot Plant Design | p. 55 |
Water Quality Sampling Protocol | p. 56 |
UV Reactor Performance Monitoring | p. 56 |
MS2 Challenge Studies | p. 57 |
Long-Term Piloting Results | p. 61 |
Water Quality | p. 61 |
UV Performance Data | p. 64 |
Summary | p. 82 |
Impact of Common Water Treatment Chemicals on UV Disinfection | p. 83 |
Materials and Methods | p. 83 |
Impact of Ozone and Alum on the UV Absorption Coefficient | p. 84 |
Impact of Other Treatment Chemicals on the UV Absorption Coefficient | p. 86 |
Summary | p. 89 |
UV Reactor Performance Modeling | p. 91 |
Introduction | p. 91 |
Fundamental Concepts | p. 91 |
Intensity | p. 91 |
Microorganism Reduction | p. 92 |
UV Dose | p. 93 |
CFD Simulation Test Case | p. 93 |
Geometry and Operating Conditions | p. 94 |
CFD Code and Modeling Approach | p. 94 |
Results | p. 96 |
Experimental Trials and Validation | p. 100 |
Experimental Pilot Unit Description | p. 100 |
Experimental Trials | p. 101 |
Numerical Results (CFD Simulation) | p. 102 |
Summary | p. 105 |
A State Perspective on the Acceptance of UV Technology for Drinking Water Disinfection | p. 107 |
Current Status of Acceptance of UV Technology for Drinking Water Disinfection | p. 107 |
Feasibility of UV Disinfection | p. 108 |
General Issues Concerning the use of UV Technology in Drinking Water | |
Disinfection | p. 108 |
Engineering and Design | p. 109 |
Standardization of UV Technology | p. 109 |
Installation Design | p. 110 |
Operations | p. 110 |
Modifying Existing State Regulations | p. 111 |
Summary and Recommendations | p. 112 |
Case Studies: Effect of Water Quality on UV System Validation and Development of Conceptual Designs and Costs | p. 115 |
Installation of UV Disinfection Downstream of Filtration | p. 115 |
Introduction | p. 115 |
Goals of UV Disinfection | p. 116 |
UV Disinfection Criteria | p. 116 |
UV Disinfection System Equipment | p. 119 |
Preliminary Design | p. 121 |
Preliminary Capital and O&M Cost Estimates | p. 130 |
Conclusions | p. 133 |
Installation of UV Disinfection Downstream of the Clearwell | p. 133 |
Introduction | p. 133 |
Goals of UV Disinfection | p. 134 |
UV Disinfection Criteria | p. 134 |
UV Disinfection System Equipment | p. 136 |
Preliminary Design | p. 139 |
Preliminary Capital and O&M Cost Estimates | p. 146 |
Conclusions | p. 147 |
Effect of UV System Inlet Conditions on UV Dose Delivery | p. 147 |
Introduction | p. 147 |
UV Installation Concept Description | p. 148 |
Model Description | p. 148 |
Numerical Methods | p. 150 |
Results | p. 151 |
Conclusions and Recommendations | p. 153 |
Full-Scale Wastewater System Testing | p. 155 |
Materials and Methods | p. 155 |
Native Biodosimetry | p. 155 |
Testing for Human Enteric Viruses | p. 156 |
Results | p. 157 |
Native Biodosimetry Testing | p. 157 |
Comparison of UV Disinfection and Chlorination in POTWs for Virus Inactivation | p. 162 |
Human Enteric Virus Monitoring Results | p. 163 |
Summary | p. 166 |
Bridging Research to Practice | p. 167 |
Pilot Testing--Evaluation of Scale up Issues | p. 167 |
Conclusions from Pilot Testing Research | p. 167 |
Recommendations for Future Pilot Studies | p. 168 |
Reactor Installation and Design | p. 169 |
UV System Siting and Sizing | p. 169 |
Recommendations for Design of UV Systems | p. 169 |
Modeling | p. 170 |
Monitoring | p. 170 |
MS2 Culturing and Enumeration and Collimated Beam Test Protocols for Pilot Testing in Austin and Orem | p. 171 |
MS2 Culturing and Enumeration and Collimated Beam Test Protocols for Pilot-Testing in Atlanta | p. 173 |
Detailed Cost Estimates for Case Studies #1 and #2 | p. 179 |
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