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9783540226000

Cornea and External Eye Disease

by ;
  • ISBN13:

    9783540226000

  • ISBN10:

    3540226001

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2006-01-12
  • Publisher: Springer Verlag
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Supplemental Materials

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Summary

This volume from the Essentials in Ophthalmology series presents recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of corneal disease. Its intention is not to replace the relevant textbooks, but to serve as a bridge between the primary and tertiary literature. This well-structured volume covers the following main topics: Confocal microscopy of the cornea.- Treatment of adenoviral corneal opacities.- Conservative treatment of severe surface disorders.- Amniotic membrane transplantation.- Limbal stem cell transplantation.- Techniques in penetrating keratoplasty.- Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty.- Corneal allograft rejection.- Infective complications following LASIK. All topics have direct clinical importance and will not only keep ophthalmologists up-to-date, but will inform them how to treat their cornea patients with optimal (or best possible) diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.

Table of Contents

Autologous Serum Eyedrops for Ocular Surface Disorders
Gerd Geerling
Dirk Hartwig
Introduction
2(2)
The Rationale for Using Serum in Ocular Surface Disorders
2(1)
Legal Aspects
3(1)
Production and Application
4(4)
Important Parameters of the Production Process
4(2)
Current Standard Operating Procedures Used at the University of Lubeck
6(2)
Quality Control
8(1)
Clinical Results
8(7)
Persistent Epithelial Defects
8(2)
Dry Eye
10(3)
Other Indications
13(2)
Complications
15(1)
Alternative Blood Products for the Treatment of Ocular Surface Disease
16(5)
Umbilical Chord Serum
16(1)
Albumin
17(1)
Plasma and Platelets
17(1)
References
18(3)
Controversies and Limitations of Amniotic Membrane in Ophthalmic Surgery
Harminder S. Dua
V. Senthil Maharajan
Andy Hopkinson
Introduction
21(1)
Proposed Mechanisms of Action of the Amniotic Membrane
22(2)
Amnion Structure
22(1)
Amnion Composition
22(2)
Intra and Inter Donor Variations of the Membrane
24(1)
Processing and Preservation of the Membrane
25(2)
Clinical Studies and Outcomes (Definitions of Success and Grading of Disease Severity)
27(3)
Efficacy of Membrane in Relation to Other Established Techniques and Options
30(6)
References
31(5)
Transplantation of Limbal Stem Cells
Harminder S. Dua
Introduction
36(1)
Stem Cells
36(1)
Definition
36(1)
Characteristics of Stem Cells
36(1)
The Stem Cell `Niche'
37(1)
Limbal Stem Cells
37(4)
The Clinical Evidence
37(2)
The Scientific Evidence
39(2)
Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency
41(4)
Causes of Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency
41(1)
Effects of Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency
41(3)
Diagnosis of Stem Cell Deficiency
44(1)
Limbal Transplant Surgery
45(1)
Principles
45(1)
Preoperative Considerations
45(1)
Surgical Techniques
46(11)
Sequential Sector Conjunctival Epitheliectomy (SSCE)
46(2)
Auto-limbal Transplantation
48(1)
Allo-limbal Transplantation
49(2)
Adjunctive Surgery
51(1)
Postoperative Treatment
52(1)
References
53(4)
Limbal Stem Cell Culture
Jose L. Guell
Marta Torrabadella
Marta Calatayud
Oscar Gris
Felicidad Manero
Javier Gaytan
Introduction
57(1)
Epithelial Phenotype
58(1)
Preparation of Human Amniotic Membrane
58(1)
Culture of Explanted Tissue
59(1)
Tissue Procurement
59(1)
Preliminary Clinical Experience
60(1)
Principles for Taking the Biopsy
60(1)
Advantages of Limbal Stem Cell Culture
61(1)
Case Report
61(3)
Future Standard Staging Approach for Ocular Surface Reconstruction
64(1)
References
64(1)
Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
Gerrit R.J. Melles
Introduction
65(1)
Main Drawbacks of Conventional Dalk
65(1)
Different Concepts
65(1)
Important Preoperative Considerations
66(1)
Psychological Preparation of the Patient
67(1)
Choice of Dalk Surgical Technique
67(1)
Clinical Results
68(5)
References
70(3)
Corneal Transplant Rejection
T.P.A.M. Slegers
M.K. Daly
D.F.P. Larkin
Introduction
73(1)
Incidence
74(1)
Factors Predisposing to Corneal Graft Rejection
74(1)
Clinical Features
75(1)
Histopathology
75(1)
Immunopathological Mechanisms
76(1)
Immune Privilege and Its Breakdown
76(1)
Afferent Arm of the Allogeneic Response
76(1)
Efferent Arm of the Allogeneic Response
77(1)
Treatment of Rejection
77(1)
Prevention of Rejection
77(1)
Immunosuppression
77(1)
HLA Matching
78(1)
Future Prospects
78(5)
References
79(4)
New Aspects of Angiogenesis in the Cornea
Claus Cursiefen
Friedrich E. Kruse
Introduction
83(1)
``Angiogenic Privilege of the Cornea'' or ``How Does the Normal Cornea Maintain Its Avascularity?''
84(1)
Corneal (Hem)angiogenesis
85(6)
General Mechanisms of Corneal (Hem)angiogenesis
85(1)
Common Causes of Corneal (Hem)angiogenesis
86(1)
Clinical Consequences of Corneal Hemangiogenesis
86(1)
Corneal Hemangiogenesis After Keratoplasty
87(3)
Corneal Angiogenesis Due to Contact Lens Wear
90(1)
Angiogenesis as a Cause of Disease Progression, not a Sequel (Herpetic Keratitis)
91(1)
Surgery in Vascularized Corneas
91(1)
Corneal Lymphangiogenesis
91(4)
Mechanisms of Corneal Lymphangiogenesis
91(3)
Importance of Lymphangiogenesis for Induction of Alloimmunity After Keratoplasty
94(1)
Non-immunological Effects of Corneal Lymphangiogenesis
94(1)
Antiangiogenic Therapy at the Cornea
95(6)
Established and Novel Antiangiogenic Therapies
95(3)
Novel Antihemangiogenic and Antilymphangiogenic Therapies to Improve Graft Survival After Keratoplasty
98(1)
References
98(3)
Histocompatibility Matching in Penetrating Keratoplasty
Daniel Bohringer
Rainer Sundmacher
Thomas Reinhard
Introduction
101(5)
Immune Reactions Constantly Threaten Graft Survival
101(1)
Major Transplantation Antigens (HLA)
102(3)
Minor Transplantation Antigens
105(1)
Time on the Waiting List Associated with Histocompatibility Matching
106(1)
Waiting Time Variance Has Been a Barrier to Histocompatibility Matching
106(1)
Algorithm for Predicting the Time on the Waiting List
106(1)
Recommended Clinical Practice
107(2)
References
108(1)
Current Systemic Immunosuppressive Strategies in Penetrating Keratoplasty
Alexander Reis
Thomas Reinhard
Introduction
109(1)
Immunology
109(2)
Acute Rejection
110(1)
Major Histocompatibility Complex
110(1)
Chronic Rejection
110(1)
Normal-Risk Versus High-Risk Transplantation
111(1)
Normal-Risk Transplantation
111(1)
High-Risk Transplantation
111(1)
Rationale for Systemic Immunosuppression
111(1)
Why Is Immunomodulation with Topical Steroids Not Sufficient To Prevent Immunologic Graft Rejection in High-Risk Patients?
111(1)
Immunosuppressive Agents
112(5)
History
112(2)
Corticosteroids
114(1)
Cyclosporine A (CSA, Sandimmun, Sandimmun Optoral, Sandimmun Neoral)
114(1)
Tacrolimus (FK506, Prograf)
114(1)
Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF, CellCept, Myfortic)
115(1)
Rapamycin (Sirolimus, Rapamune)
115(1)
RAD (Everolimus, Certican)
116(1)
FTY720
116(1)
Biologic Agents
117(1)
Guidelines for Practitioners
117(2)
Preoperative Evaluation
117(1)
How To Use Cyclosporine in High-Risk Corneal Transplantation
118(1)
How To Use MMF in High-Risk Corneal Transplantation
118(1)
How To Use Rapamycin in High-Risk Corneal Transplantation
118(1)
How To Use Tacrolimus in High-Risk Corneal Transplantation
118(1)
Combination Therapies
119(1)
Conclusion
119(4)
References
119(4)
Trephination in Penetrating Keratoplasty
Berthold Seitz
Achim Langenbucher
Gottfried O.H. Naumann
Introduction
123(1)
Astigmatism and Keratoplasty
124(6)
Definition of Post-keratoplasty Astigmatism
124(1)
Reasons for Astigmatism After Keratoplasty
125(4)
Prevention/Prophylaxis of Astigmatism After Keratoplasty
129(1)
Trephination Techniques
130(18)
Principal Considerations
131(8)
Conventional Mechanical Trephines
139(5)
Nonmechanical Laser Trephination
144(4)
Concluding Remarks
148(5)
References
149(4)
Infective Complications Following Lasik
Adam Watson
Sheraz Daya
Introduction
153(1)
Frequency and Presentation
153(1)
Characteristics
154(1)
Differential Diagnosis
154(1)
Diffuse Lamellar Keratitis (DLK, ``Sands of the Sahara'')
154(1)
Steroid-Induced Intraocular Pressure Elevation with Flap Oedema (Pseudo-DLK)
155(1)
Management
155(3)
Flap Lift
155(1)
Specimen Taking
155(2)
Treatment
157(1)
No Improvement
157(1)
Special Considerations
158(1)
Fungal Keratitis
158(1)
Viral Keratitis
159(1)
Visual Outcome
159(1)
Management of Sequelae
159(1)
Prevention
160(3)
References
160(3)
Treatment of Adenoviral Keratoconjunctivitis
Jost Hillenkamp
Rainer Sundmacher
Thomas Reinhard
Introduction
163(3)
Etiology and Clinical Course of Ocular Adenoviral Infection
163(3)
Socioeconomic Aspect
166(1)
Treatment
166(4)
Treatment of the Acute Phase
166(2)
Treatment of the Chronic Phase
168(1)
Prophylaxis
169(1)
Conclusion and Outlook
170(1)
Current Clinical Practice and Recommendations
170(3)
References
170(3)
In Vivo Micromorphology of the Cornea: Confocal Microscopy Principles and Clinical Applications
Rudolf F. Guthoff
Joachim Stave
Introduction
173(1)
Principle of In Vivo Confocal Microscopy Based on the Laser-Scanning Technique
174(6)
Slit-Scanning Techniques
175(1)
Laser-Scanning Microscopy and Pachymetry
176(3)
Fundamentals of Image Formation in In Vivo Confocal Microscopy
179(1)
General Anatomical Considerations
180(1)
In Vivo Confocal Laser-Scanning Microscopy
181(9)
Confocal Laser-Scanning Imaging of Normal Structures
182(8)
Clinical Findings
190(11)
Dry Eye
190(1)
Meesmann's Dystrophy
190(2)
Epithelium in Contact Lens Wearers
192(3)
Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis
195(1)
Acanthamoeba Keratitis
196(3)
Corneal Ulcer
199(1)
Refractive Corneal Surgery
200(1)
Future Developments
201(8)
Three-Dimensional Confocal Laser-Scanning Microscopy
201(2)
Functional Imaging
203(3)
References
206(3)
Allergic Eye Disease: Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations and Treatment
Bita Manzouri
Thomas Flynn
Santa Jeremy Ono
Introduction
209(1)
Pathophysiology
210(2)
Type I Hypersensitivity
210(1)
Ocular Inflammatory Reaction: Late Phase
211(1)
Non-specific Conjunctival Hyperreactivity
211(1)
T-Cell-Mediated Hypersensitivity in Allergic Eye Disease
212(1)
Clinical Syndromes of Allergic Eye Disease
212(5)
Seasonal Allergic Conjunctivitis
214(1)
Perennial Allergic Conjunctivitis
214(1)
Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis
214(1)
Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis
215(2)
Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis
217(1)
Treatment of Allergic Eye Disease
217(4)
Antihistamines
218(1)
Mast Cell Stabilizing Agents
218(1)
Dual-Acting Agents
219(1)
Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
219(1)
Topical Corticosteroids
219(1)
Calcineurin Inhibitors
220(1)
Future Drug Developments
220(1)
Conclusion
221(4)
References
222(3)
Subject Index 225

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