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9780471447313

Unsaturated Soil Mechanics

by ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780471447313

  • ISBN10:

    0471447315

  • Edition: 1st
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2004-05-20
  • Publisher: Wiley

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Summary

Unsaturated Soil Mechanics is the first book to provide a comprehensive introduction to the fundamental principles of unsaturated soil mechanics. * Offers extensive sample problems with an accompanying solutions manual. * Brings together the rapid advances in research in unsaturated soil mechanics in one focused volume. * Covers advances in effective stress and suction and hydraulic conductivity measurement.

Author Biography

NING LU, PhD, is Professor of Engineering at the Colorado School of Mines, where he teaches courses in soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering. He is the author of more than thirty papers published in peer-reviewed journals and serves as an editorial board member for the Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. He is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers and a lifetime member of the American Geophysical Union.

WILLIAM J. LIKOS, PhD, is Assistant Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Missouri—Columbia, where he teaches courses in soil mechanics and soil behavior. He is a former geotechnical engineer with the U.S. Geological Survey. He is the author of numerous papers regarding unsaturated and expansive soil behavior, an editorial board member for the Geotechnical Testing Journal, and a member of ASCE and the Clay Minerals Society.

Table of Contents

FOREWORD xvii
PREFACE xix
SYMBOLS xxi
INTRODUCTION 1(44)
1 STATE OF UNSATURATED SOIL
3(42)
1.1 Unsaturated Soil Phenomena
3(5)
1.1.1 Definition of Unsaturated Soil Mechanics
3(1)
1.1.2 Interdisciplinary Nature of Unsaturated Soil Mechanics
4(2)
1.1.3 Classification of Unsaturated Soil Phenomena
6(2)
1.2 Scope and Organization of Book
8(4)
1.2.1 Chapter Structure
8(3)
1.2.2 Geomechanics and Geo-environmental Tracks
11(1)
1.3 Unsaturated Soil in Nature and Practice
12(8)
1.3.1 Unsaturated Soil in Hydrologic Cycle
12(1)
1.3.2 Global Extent of Climatic Factors
12(1)
1.3.3 Unsaturated Zone and Soil Formation
13(5)
1.3.4 Unsaturated Soil in Engineering Practice
18(2)
1.4 Moisture, Pore Pressure, and Stress Profiles
20(6)
1.4.1 Stress in the Unsaturated State
20(1)
1.4.2 Saturated Moisture and Stress Profiles: Conceptual Illustration
21(1)
1.4.3 Unsaturated Moisture and Stress Profiles: Conceptual Illustration
22(1)
1.4.4 Illustrative Stress Analysis
23(3)
1.5 State Variables, Material Variables, and Constitutive Laws
26(8)
1.5.1 Phenomena Prediction
26(2)
1.5.2 Head as a State Variable
28(2)
1.5.3 Effective Stress as a State Variable
30(3)
1.5.4 Net Normal Stresses as State Variables
33(1)
1.6 Suction and Potential of Soil Water
34(13)
1.6.1 Total Soil Suction
34(1)
1.6.2 Pore Water Potential
35(3)
1.6.3 Units of Soil Suction
38(1)
1.6.4 Suction Regimes and the Soil-Water Characteristic Curve
39(4)
Problems
43(2)
I FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES 45(126)
2 MATERIAL VARIABLES
47(42)
2.1 Physical Properties of Air and Water
47(10)
2.1.1 Unsaturated Soil as a Multiphase System
47(1)
2.1.2 Density of Dry Air
48(2)
2.1.3 Density of Water
50(3)
2.1.4 Viscosity of Air and Water
53(2)
2.1.5 Flow Regimes
55(2)
2.2 Partial Pressure and Relative Humidity
57(8)
2.2.1 Relative Humidity in Unsaturated Soil Mechanics
57(1)
2.2.2 Composition and Partial Pressure of Air
57(2)
2.2.3 Equilibrium between Free Water and Air
59(3)
2.2.4 Equilibrium between Pore Water and Air
62(1)
2.2.5 Relative Humidity
63(1)
2.2.6 Dew Point
64(1)
2.3 Density of Moist Air
65(8)
2.3.1 Effect of Water Vapor on Density of Air
65(1)
2.3.2 Formulation for Moist Air Density
66(7)
2.4 Surface Tension
73(7)
2.4.1 Origin of Surface Tension
73(3)
2.4.2 Pressure Drop across an Air-Water Interface
76(4)
2.5 Cavitation of Water
80(9)
2.5.1 Cavitation and Boiling
80(2)
2.5.2 Hydrostatic Atmospheric Pressure
82(2)
2.5.3 Cavitation Pressure
84(2)
Problems
86(3)
3 INTERFACIAL EQUILIBRIUM
89(39)
3.1 Solubility of Air in Water
89(7)
3.1.1 Henry's Law
89(2)
3.1.2 Temperature Dependence
91(1)
3.1.3 Volumetric Coefficient of Solubility
92(1)
3.1.4 Henry's Law Constant and Volumetric Coefficient of Solubility
93(1)
3.1.5 Vapor Component Correction
94(1)
3.1.6 Mass Coefficient of Solubility
95(1)
3.2 Air-Water-Solid Interface
96(8)
3.2.1 Equilibrium between Two Water Drops
96(1)
3.2.2 Equilibrium at an Air-Water-Solid Interface
97(2)
3.2.3 Contact Angle
99(2)
3.2.4 Air-Water-Solid Interface in Unsaturated Soil
101(3)
3.3 Vapor Pressure Lowering
104(10)
3.3.1 Implications of Kelvin's Equation
104(2)
3.3.2 Derivation of Kelvin's Equation
106(5)
3.3.3 Capillary Condensation
111(3)
3.4 Soil-Water Characteristic Curve
114(14)
3.4.1 Soil Suction and Soil Water
114(1)
3.4.2 Capillary Tube Model
115(3)
3.4.3 Contacting Sphere Model
118(6)
3.4.4 Concluding Remarks
124(1)
Problems
124(4)
4 CAPILLARITY
128(43)
4.1 Young-Laplace Equation
128(5)
4.1.1 Three-Dimensional Meniscus
128(3)
4.1.2 Hydrostatic Equilibrium in a Capillary Tube
131(2)
4.2 Height of Capillary Rise
133(7)
4.2.1 Capillary Rise in a Tube
133(3)
4.2.2 Capillary Finger Model
136(1)
4.2.3 Capillary Rise in Idealized Soil
137(2)
4.2.4 Capillary Rise in Soil
139(1)
4.3 Rate of Capillary Rise
140(7)
4.3.1 Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Formulation
140(2)
4.3.2 Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity Formulation
142(3)
4.3.3 Experimental Verification
145(2)
4.4 Capillary Pore Size Distribution
147(13)
4.4.1 Theoretical Basis
147(3)
4.4.2 Pore Geometry
150(3)
4.4.3 Computational Procedures
153(7)
4.5 Suction Stress
160(13)
4.5.1 Forces between Two Spherical Particles
160(2)
4.5.2 Pressure in the Water Lens
162(1)
4.5.3 Effective Stress due to Capillarity
163(2)
4.5.4 Effective Stress Parameter and Water Content
165(3)
Problems
168(3)
II STRESS PHENOMENA 171(152)
5 STATE OF STRESS
173(47)
5.1 Effective Stress in Unsaturated Soil
173(9)
5.1.1 Macromechanical Conceptualization
173(1)
5.1.2 Micromechanical Conceptualization
174(1)
5.1.3 Stress between Two Spherical Particles with Nonzero Contact Angle
175(6)
5.1.4 Pore Pressure Regimes
181(1)
5.2 Hysteresis
182(9)
5.2.1 Hysteresis Mechanisms
182(2)
5.2.2 Ink-Bottle Hysteresis
184(2)
5.2.3 Contact Angle Hysteresis
186(1)
5.2.4 Hysteresis in the Soil-Water Characteristic Curve
187(1)
5.2.5 Hysteresis in the Effective Stress Parameter
187(4)
5.2.6 Hysteresis in the Suction Stress Characteristic Curve
191(1)
5.3 Stress Tensor Representation
191(10)
5.3.1 Net Normal Stress, Matric Suction, and Suction Stress Tensors
191(4)
5.3.2 Stress Tensors in Unsaturated Soil: Conceptual Illustration
195(6)
5.4 Stress Control by Axis Translation
201(6)
5.4.1 Rationale for Axis Translation
201(1)
5.4.2 Equilibrium for an Air-Water-HAE System
202(1)
5.4.3 Equilibrium for an Air-Water-HAE-Soil System
203(1)
5.4.4 Characteristic Curve for HAE Material
204(1)
5.4.5 Controlled Stress Variable Testing
204(3)
5.5 Graphical Representation of Stress
207(13)
5.5.1 Net Normal Stress and Matric Suction Representation
207(6)
5.5.2 Effective Stress Representation
213(5)
Problems
218(2)
6 SHEAR STRENGTH
220(47)
6.1 Extended Mohr-Coulomb (M-C) Criterion
220(13)
6.1.1 M-C for Saturated Soil
220(1)
6.1.2 Experimental Observations of Unsaturated Shear Strength
221(8)
6.1.3 Extended M-C Criterion
229(3)
6.1.4 Extended M-C Criterion in Terms of Principal Stresses
232(1)
6.2 Shear Strength Parameters for the Extended M-C Criterion
233(5)
6.2.1 Interpretation of Triaxial Testing Results
233(3)
6.2.2 Interpretation of Direct Shear Testing Results
236(2)
6.3 Effective Stress and the M-C Criterion
238(10)
6.3.1 Nonlinearity in the Extended M-C Envelope
238(3)
6.3.2 Effective Stress Approach
241(1)
6.3.3 Measurements of x at Failure
242(2)
6.3.4 Reconciliation between φb and xf
244(3)
6.3.5 Validity of Effective Stress as a State Variable for Strength
247(1)
6.4 Shear Strength Parameters for the M-C Criterion
248(4)
6.4.1 Interpretation of Direct Shear Testing Results
248(2)
6.4.2 Interpretation of Triaxial Testing Results
250(2)
6.5 Unified Representation of Failure Envelope
252(15)
6.5.1 Capillary Cohesion as a Characteristic Function for Unsaturated Soil
252(4)
6.5.2 Determining the Magnitude of Capillary Cohesion
256(9)
6.5.3 Concluding Remarks 261 Problems
265(2)
7 SUCTION AND EARTH PRESSURE PROFILES
267(56)
7.1 Steady Suction and Water Content Profiles
267(13)
7.1.1 Suction Regimes in Unsaturated Soil
267(3)
7.1.2 Analytical Solutions for Profiles of Matric Suction
270(2)
7.1.3 Hydrologic Parameters for Representative Soil Types
272(1)
7.1.4 Profiles of Matric Suction for Representative Soil Types
273(2)
7.1.5 Profiles of Water Content for Representative Soil Types
275(5)
7.2 Steady Effective Stress Parameter and Stress Profiles
280(14)
7.2.1 Profiles of the Effective Stress Parameter x
280(2)
7.2.2 Profiles of Suction Stress and Their Solution Regimes
282(7)
7.2.3 Profiles of Suction Stress for Representative Soil Types
289(3)
7.2.4 Concluding Remarks
292(2)
7.3 Earth Pressure at Rest
294(7)
7.3.1 Extended Hooke's Law
294(2)
7.3.2 Profiles of Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest
296(1)
7.3.3 Depth of Cracking
297(4)
7.4 Active Earth Pressure
301(11)
7.4.1 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criteria for Unsaturated Soil
301(1)
7.4.2 Rankine's Active State of Failure
302(4)
7.4.3 Active Earth Pressure Profiles for Constant Suction Stress
306(2)
7.4.4 Active Earth Pressure Profiles for Variable Suction Stress
308(2)
7.4.5 Active Earth Pressure Profiles with Tension Cracks
310(2)
7.5 Passive Earth Pressure
312(13)
7.5.1 Rankine's Passive State of Failure
312(3)
7.5.2 Passive Earth Pressure Profiles for Constant Suction Stress
315(3)
7.5.3 Passive Earth Pressure Profiles for Variable Suction Stress
318(2)
7.5.4 Concluding Remarks
320(2)
Problems
322(1)
III FLOW PHENOMENA 323(92)
8 STEADY FLOWS
325(44)
8.1 Driving Mechanisms for Water and Airflow
325(4)
8.1.1 Potential for Water Flow
325(1)
8.1.2 Mechanisms for Airflow
326(1)
8.1.3 Regimes for Pore Water Flow and Pore Airflow
326(2)
8.1.4 Steady-State Flow Law for Water
328(1)
8.2 Permeability and Hydraulic Conductivity
329(4)
8.2.1 Permeability versus Conductivity
329(2)
8.2.2 Magnitude, Variability, and Scaling Effects
331(2)
8.3 Hydraulic Conductivity Function
333(8)
8.3.1 Conceptual Model for the Hydraulic Conductivity Function
333(3)
8.3.2 Hysteresis in the Hydraulic Conductivity Function
336(1)
8.3.3 Relative Conductivity
336(2)
8.3.4 Effects of Soil Type
338(3)
8.4 Capillary Barriers
341(8)
8.4.1 Natural and Engineered Capillary Barriers
341(1)
8.4.2 Flat Capillary Barriers
342(3)
8.4.3 Dipping Capillary Barriers
345(4)
8.5 Steady Infiltration and Evaporation
349(10)
8.5.1 Horizontal Infiltration
349(3)
8.5.2 Vertical Infiltration and Evaporation
352(7)
8.6 Steady Vapor Flow
359(4)
8.6.1 Fick's Law for Vapor Flow
359(1)
8.6.2 Temperature and Vapor Pressure Variation
359(2)
8.6.3 Vapor Density Gradient
361(2)
8.7 Steady Air Diffusion in Water
363(6)
8.7.1 Theoretical Basis
363(3)
8.7.2 Air Diffusion in an Axis Translation System
366(1)
Problems
367(2)
9 TRANSIENT FLOWS
369(46)
9.1 Principles for Pore Liquid Flow
369(7)
9.1.1 Principle of Mass Conservation
369(2)
9.1.2 Transient Saturated Flow
371(1)
9.1.3 Transient Unsaturated Flow
372(4)
9.2 Rate of Infiltration
376(10)
9.2.1 Transient Horizontal Infiltration
376(4)
9.2.2 Transient Vertical Infiltration
380(4)
9.2.3 Transient Moisture Profile for Vertical Infiltration
384(2)
9.3 Transient Suction and Moisture Profiles
386(10)
9.3.1 Importance of Transient Soil Suction and Moisture
386(1)
9.3.2 Analytical Solution of Transient Unsaturated Flow
386(3)
9.3.3 Numerical Modeling of Transient Unsaturated Flow
389(7)
9.4 Principles for Pore Gas Flow
396(6)
9.4.1 Principle of Mass Conservation for Compressible Gas
396(1)
9.4.2 Governing Equation for Pore Airflow
397(1)
9.4.3 Linearization of the Airflow Equation
398(2)
9.4.4 Sinusoidal Barometric Pressure Fluctuation
400(2)
9.5 Barometric Pumping Analysis
402(15)
9.5.1 Barometric Pumping
402(1)
9.5.2 Theoretical Framework
403(1)
9.5.3 Time Series Analysis
404(3)
9.5.4 Determining Air Permeability
407(5)
Problems
412(3)
IV MATERIAL VARIABLE MEASUREMENT AND MODELING 415(116)
10 SUCTION MEASUREMENT
417(45)
10.1 Overview of Measurement Techniques
417(3)
10.2 Tensiometers
420(4)
10.2.1 Properties of High-Air-Entry Materials
420(1)
10.2.2 Tensiometer Measurement Principles
421(3)
10.3 Axis Translation Techniques
424(5)
10.3.1 Null Tests and Pore Water Extraction Tests
424(1)
10.3.2 Pressure Plates
425(2)
10.3.3 Tempe Pressure Cells
427(2)
10.4 ElectricalThermal Conductivity Sensors
429(2)
10.5 Humidity Measurement Techniques
431(12)
10.5.1 Total Suction and Relative Humidity
431(1)
10.5.2 Thermocouple Psychrometers
432(6)
10.5.3 Chilled-Mirror Hygrometers
438(3)
10.5.4 Polymer ResistanceCapacitance Sensors
441(2)
10.6 Humidity Control Techniques
443(6)
10.6.1 Isopiestic Humidity Control
444(1)
10.6.2 Two-Pressure Humidity Control
445(4)
10.7 Filter Paper Techniques
449(13)
10.7.1 Filter Paper Measurement Principles
449(2)
10.7.2 Calibration and Testing Procedures
451(1)
10.7.3 Accuracy, Precision, and Performance
452(7)
Problems
459(3)
11 HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT
462(32)
11.1 Overview of Measurement Techniques
462(1)
11.2 Steady-State Measurement Techniques
463(13)
11.2.1 Constant-Head Method
463(3)
11.2.2 Constant-Flow Method
466(6)
11.2.3 Centrifuge Method
472(4)
11.3 Transient Measurement Techniques
476(18)
11.3.1 Hydraulic Diffusivity
476(1)
11.3.2 Horizontal Infiltration Method
477(3)
11.3.3 Outflow Methods
480(4)
11.3.4 Instantaneous Profile Methods
484(9)
Problems
493(1)
12 SUCTION AND HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY MODELS
494(37)
12.1 Soil-Water Characteristic Curve Models
494(12)
12.1.1 SWCC Modeling Parameters
495(2)
12.1.2 Brooks and Corey (BC) Model
497(2)
12.1.3 van Genuchten (VG) Model
499(6)
12.1.4 Fredlund and Xing (FX) Model
505(1)
12.2 Hydraulic Conductivity Models
506(25)
12.2.1 Empirical and Macroscopic Models
509(7)
12.2.2 Statistical Models
516(11)
Problems
527(4)
REFERENCES 531(16)
INDEX 547

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