Are you looking for ways to meet the needs of young children who are culturally, linguistically, or developmentally diverse? Do you find traditional assessment methods too confining to accurately assess the needs of all your students? Discover which form of assessment is right for you in this groundbreaking book from the experts! You'll take an in-depth look at six alternative assessment methods such as naturalistic focused performance portfolio dynamic curriculum-based language In each chapter, you'll explore one of these methods and find a detailed description of the approach, a summary of advantages and limitations, specific guidelines for implementation, suggestions for working in inclusive environments, and samples of data collection forms. With this book's innovative strategies, you'll be able to build on your existing traditional assessment skills and provide more comprehensive assessments for young children and their families!

Angela Losardo is Associate Professor in the Department of Language, Reading, and Exceptionalities at Appalachian State University in Boone, North Carolina.

About the Authors

ix

Foreword

xi

Diane Bricker

Preface

xv

For the Course Companion Web Site User

xvii

Acknowledgments

xix

Historical Perspectives on Alternative Assessment

1

(12)

Importance of Theoretical Frameworks

2

(1)

Historical Perspective

3

(5)

Traditional Models of Child Development: Nature versus Nurture

4

(1)

Beginning of Integration

5

(1)

Toward a More Comprehensive Approach: Social-Constructivist Model

6

(2)

An Integrated Unified Model: Systems Perspective

8

(2)

Broad Ecological Approach

9

(1)

Conclusion

10

(2)

Review Questions

12

(1)

Traditional and Contemporary Assessment Models

13

(14)

Definitions and Terminology

14

(1)

Assessment Approaches and Tools

14

(2)

Formal Assessments

15

(1)

Nonformal Assessments

15

(1)

Types of Assessment

16

(1)

Norm-Referenced Assessment

16

(1)

Criterion-Referenced Assessment

16

(1)

Purposes of Assessment

17

(1)

Limitations of Traditional Approaches

18

(5)

Complexity and Holistic Nature of Development

19

(3)

Role of Context and Culture on Learning

22

(1)

Framework for Alternative Assessment Models

23

(2)

Conclusion

25

(1)

Review Questions

26

(1)

Naturalistic Assessment

27

(22)

Theoretical Framework

29

(1)

Models and Applications

30

(4)

Advantages and Limitations

34

(4)

Advantages

37

(1)

Limitations

37

(1)

Guidelines for Implementation

38

(5)

Suggestions for Practitioners in Inclusive Environments

43

(2)

Initial Assessment

44

(1)

Goal Development

44

(1)

Intervention

45

(1)

Evaluation

45

(1)

Conclusion

45

(2)

Review Questions

47

(2)

Focused Assessment

49

(22)

Contexts for Assessment

51

(4)

Collecting Data

55

(4)

Play-Based Assessments

58

(1)

Theoretical Framework

59

(2)

Clinical Approach

59

(1)

Developmental Theory

60

(1)

Transdisciplinary Approach

60

(1)

Models and Applications

61

(2)

Play-Based Assessments

62

(1)

Advantages and Limitations

63

(1)

Advantages

63

(1)

Limitations

64

(1)

Guidelines for Implementation

64

(1)

Suggestions for Practitioners in Inclusive Environments

65

(3)

Initial Assessment

66

(1)

Goal Development

66

(1)

Intervention

66

(1)

Evaluation

66

(2)

Conclusion

68

(1)

Review Questions

69

(2)

Performance Assessment

71

(22)

Theoretical Framework

81

(1)

Social-Constructivist Approach

81

(1)

Ecological Approach

81

(1)

Models and Applications

82

(4)

Advantages and Limitations

86

(2)

Advantages

86

(1)

Limitations

87

(1)

Guidelines for Implementation

88

(1)

Suggestions for Practitioners in Inclusive Environments

89

(2)

Initial Assessment

90

(1)

Goal Development

90

(1)

Intervention

90

(1)

Evaluation

90

(1)

Conclusion

91

(1)

Review Questions

92

(1)

Portfolio Assessment

93

(24)

Theoretical Framework

100

(1)

Ecological Approach

101

(1)

Social-Constructivist Approach

101

(1)

Models and Applications

101

(4)

Criteria for Selecting and Evaluating Content

102

(2)

Child Participation

104

(1)

Advantages and Limitations

105

(3)

Advantages

105

(2)

Limitations

107

(1)

Guidelines for Implementation

108

(3)

Suggestions for Practitioners in Inclusive Environments

111

(3)

Initial Assessment

111

(1)

Goal Development

112

(1)

Intervention

113

(1)

Evaluation

113

(1)

Conclusion

114

(1)

Review Questions

115

(2)

Dynamic Assessment

117

(32)

Cognitive and Metacognitive Processes

120

(1)

Self-Regulation and Socioemotional Processes

121

(2)

Theoretical Framework

123

(1)

Models and Applications

123

(10)

Dynamic Assessment and Scaffolding Models

124

(2)

Mediated Learning Approaches

126

(6)

Early Self-Regulation and Neurobehavioral Facilitation

132

(1)

Advantages and Limitations

133

(3)

Advantages

133

(2)

Limitations

135

(1)

Guidelines for Implementation

136

(3)

Suggestions for Practitioners in Inclusive Environments

139

(7)

Initial Assessment

139

(1)

Goal Development

139

(1)

Intervention

139

(1)

Evaluation

140

(6)

Conclusion

146

(2)

Review Questions

148

(1)

Curriculum-Based Language Assessment

149

(16)

Theoretical Framework

154

(1)

Models and Applications

155

(2)

Advantages and Limitations

157

(1)

Advantages

157

(1)

Limitations

158

(1)

Guidelines for Implementation

158

(1)

Suggestions for Practitioners in Inclusive Environments

159

(3)

Initial Assessment

159

(1)

Goal Development

159

(2)

Intervention

161

(1)

Evaluation

162

(1)

Conclusion

162

(2)

Review Questions

164

(1)

Transdisciplinary Framework

165

(18)

Summary of Alternative Assessment Approaches

168

(3)

Rationale for a Transdisciplinary Framework

171

(1)

Models and Applications

172

(2)

System to Plan Early Childhood Services

173

(1)

Primary Language Record

173

(1)

Barriers to Implementation

174

(1)

Advantages and Limitations

175

(3)

Advantages

176

(1)

Limitations

177

(1)

Guidelines for Implementation

178

(1)

Conclusion

179

(2)

Review Questions

181

(2)

Future Directions

183

(10)

Major Themes

184

(2)

Holistic View of Child Development

184

(1)

Role of Context and Culture

185

(1)

Caregiver Involvement in the Assessment Process

185

(1)

Using a Transdisciplinary Framework

185

(1)

Using a Multidimensional Approach

186

(1)

Guidelines for Assessing Children from Diverse Cultural and Linguistic Backgrounds

186

(3)

Alternative Assessment Approaches

188

(1)

Assessment Process

188

(1)

Future Directions for Alternative Assessment

189

(3)

Review Questions

192

(1)

References

193

(14)

Glossary

207

(6)

Data Collection Sheets

213

(26)

Index

239

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Alternative Approaches to Assessing Young Children

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