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9780792365235

Entomopathogenic Bacteria

by ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780792365235

  • ISBN10:

    0792365232

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2000-11-01
  • Publisher: Kluwer Academic Pub
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Summary

Entomopathogenic bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis and B. sphaericus) are increasingly used as biopesticides to control larval insect populations which are either agricultural or forestry pests and to reduce those which as adults are vectors of severe human diseases. This new book, the first since 1993 to address all aspects of entomopathogenic bacteria, provides undergraduate and graduate students as well as research scientists with a complete, modern view of this important group of bacteria. The authors, chosen for their sustained contributions to the field, cover both fundamental and applied research in this area. The main topics include bacterial ecology and taxonomy, toxin diversity, activity and mode of action, regulation and environment of the genes, safety and ecotoxicology, production and field application of the bacteria, and outbreaks of resistant populations. The book concludes with the most recent data obtained on transgenic biotechnology and addresses environmental impact issues.

Table of Contents

Contributors xiii
Preface xix
The Entomopathogenic Bacteria
1(64)
Biodiversity of the entomopathogenic, endosporeforming bacteria
1(22)
FG Priest
Introduction
2(1)
The genus Bacillus - a brief history
3(1)
The genus Bacillus becomes several genera
4(3)
Bacillus sensu stricto (rRNA group 1 sensu Ash et al., 1991)
7(3)
Round-spore-forming bacilli (rRNA group 2 sensu Ash et al., 1991)
10(2)
Paenibacillus (rRNA group 3 sensu Ash et al., 1991)
12(4)
Brevibacillus (rRNA group 4 sensu Ash et al., 1991)
16(1)
Concluding remarks
16(7)
Natural occurrence and dispersal of Bacillus thuringiensis in the environment
23(18)
PH Damgaard
Occurrence in soil
23(1)
Occurrence on foliage
24(2)
Occurrence in specific insects habitats
26(2)
Occurrence in foods
28(1)
Clinical infections
29(1)
Epizootiology of B. thuringiensis
30(2)
Factors governing B. thuringiensis-caused epizootics
32(2)
Conclusions
34(7)
Virulence of Bacillus thuringiensis
41(24)
BM Hansen
S Salamitou
Introduction
42(1)
Taxonomy and relations to B. cereus
42(1)
Non-insect pathogenesis of B. thuringiensis and B. cereus
43(1)
Virulence of B. thuringiensis and B. cereus spores
44(2)
Virulence factors of B. thuringiensis and B. cereus
46(6)
Expression of virulence factors
52(1)
B. thuringiensis in the environment
53(1)
Consequences for application of B. thuringiensis
54(11)
Toxins and Genes
65(102)
The diversity of Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxins
65(16)
N Crickmore
Toxin nomenclature
65(5)
Sequence comparisons
70(7)
Related sequences
77(1)
Summary
78(3)
Insecticidal proteins produced by bacteria pathogenic to agricultural pests
81(20)
T Yamamoto
DH Dean
Description of B. thuringiensis
81(2)
Extra-cellular insecticidal proteins
83(1)
Characterisation of the crystal protein
83(2)
Three domain structure of the crystal protein
85(1)
Domain I function
86(4)
Receptor binding sites in domain II
90(3)
Domain III function
93(1)
Cry2a family proteins
94(2)
Future for the bacterial insecticidal proteins
96(5)
Vector-active toxins: structure and diversity
101(26)
A Delecluse
V Juarez-Perez
C Berry
Introduction
101(1)
Dipteran active bacteria
102(3)
Mosquitocidal toxins
105(9)
Summary and conclusions
114(13)
Toxin and virulence gene expression in Bacillus thuringiensis
127(16)
D Lereclus
H Agaisse
Expression of the insecticidal toxin genes
128(9)
Virulence gene expression
137(2)
Conclusion
139(4)
Genetic and genomic contexts of toxin genes
143(24)
M-L Rosso
J Mahillon
A Delecluse
Introduction
143(1)
The entomopathogenic bacteria genome
144(5)
Genomic location of toxins
149(2)
Virulence gene mobility and transfer
151(5)
Concluding remarks
156(11)
Mode of Action and Resistance
167(86)
Pathogenesis of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins
167(14)
P Luthy
MG Wolfersberger
Introduction
167(2)
From the bacterial inclusion to the active polypeptide
169(2)
Reaction of insect Iarvae to the δ-endotoxin
171(1)
The gut epithelium as the target tissue
172(3)
In vitro studies
175(2)
On the origin of the δ-endotoxin: a hypothesis
177(4)
Investigations of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry 1 toxin receptor structure and function
181(18)
SF Garczynski
MJ Adang
Cry 1 toxin binding to brush border membrane vesicles
181(3)
Cry 1 receptor detection using toxin overlays
184(1)
Identification of Cry 1 receptor proteins
185(1)
Characteristics of Cry 1a binding molecules in M. sexta BBMV
186(3)
Cry 1a toxin-induced pores
189(1)
Functional Cry 1 receptors
190(1)
Concluding remarks
191(8)
Membrane permeabilisation by Bacillus thuringiensis toxins: protein insertion and pore formation
199(20)
J-L Schwartz
R Laprade
Introduction
199(1)
Toxicity at the molecular level
200(3)
Approaches and techniques
203(3)
Microenvironment of target cells
206(1)
Role of the receptor
206(1)
Conformational changes and pore structure
207(4)
Postbinding events, resistance
211(8)
Insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal proteins
219(18)
J Van Rie
J Ferre
Introduction
219(1)
Biochemical basis of resistance
220(7)
Genetics of resistance
227(5)
Conclusions
232(5)
Mode of action of Bacillus sphaericus on mosquito Iarvae: incidence on resistance
237(16)
J-F Charles
MH Silva-Filha
C Nielsen-LeRoux
Introduction
237(1)
Cytological and physiological effects
238(2)
Binding of the binary toxin to a specific receptor
240(3)
The toxin receptor in Culex pipiens
243(3)
Toxin receptor interaction in B. sphaericus-resistant colonies of C. pipiens
246(2)
Toxin structure and in vivo/in vitro activity
248(1)
Conclusions/perspectives
249(4)
Safety and Ecotoxicology of Entomopathogenic Bacteria
253(22)
LA Lacey
JP Siegel
Introduction
253(1)
Direct effects of Bacillus entomopathogens on invertebrate non target organisms
254(3)
Indirect effects of Bt on nontarget invertebrates
257(1)
Effects of Bacillus entomopathogens on vertebrates
258(5)
Indirect effects of Bacillus entomopathogens on vertebrates
263(1)
Long term impact of Bacillus pathogens used as microbial pest control agents
264(2)
Conclusion
266(9)
Standardisation, Production and Registration
275(80)
Is Bacillus thuringiensis standardisation still possible?
275(22)
O Skovmand
I Thiery
G Benzon
Introduction
275(2)
History of Bt standardisation
277(1)
Standard procedures
278(7)
In vitro assays
285(1)
Future of bioassays
286(1)
Suggestion for new type of standard
287(10)
Industrial fermentation and formulation of entomopathogenic bacteria
297(20)
TL Couch
Introduction
297(1)
Culture selection
298(1)
Laboratory techniques for culture maintenance
299(1)
Fermentation inoculum preparation
299(2)
Fermentation medium selection
301(1)
Fermentation process
302(1)
Recovery of entomopathogenic bacteria
303(1)
Formulation
304(9)
Quality control requirements
313(1)
Conclusion
314(3)
Rural production of Bacillus thuringiensis by solid state fermentation
317(16)
E Aranda
A Lorence
M del Refugio Trejo
Introduction
317(1)
Strategies for insect control
318(2)
Solid state fermentation (SSF)
320(9)
Concluding remarks
329(4)
Registration of biopesticides
333(22)
GN Libman
SC MacIntosh
Introduction
333(1)
What are biopesticides?
334(2)
Registration of products containing Bacillus thuringiensis toxins as the active ingredient
336(19)
Field Application and Resistance Management
355(86)
Bacillus thuringiensis application in agriculture
355(16)
A Navon
Introduction
355(1)
Considerations of Bt uses in the field
356(6)
Combinations of Bt with other means of pest management
362(3)
Future prospects
365(6)
Application of Bacillus thuringiensis in forestry
371(12)
K van Frankenhuyzen
Introduction
371(1)
Field development
372(5)
The biological interface: reducing the efficacy bottleneck
377(6)
Bacterial control of vector-mosquitoes and black flies
383(16)
N Becker
Introduction
384(3)
Mosquitoes
387(7)
Blackflies
394(2)
Future prospects
396(3)
Resistance management for agricultural pests
399(20)
RT Roush
Introduction
399(2)
Factors that influence selection
401(4)
Myths about management of resistance
405(3)
Promising tactics for resistance management for bacteria and sprays
408(4)
Resistance monitoring
412(1)
Implementation
413(1)
Conclusions
414(5)
Management of resistance to bacterial vector control
419(22)
L Regis
C Nielsen-LeRoux
Introduction
419(1)
Case histories of B. sphaericus resistance in mosquito populations
420(2)
Mechanisms and genetics of resistance in terms of stability and reversibility
422(3)
Factors influencing the rate of development of resistance in the field
425(2)
Cross-resistance and toxin receptor interaction
427(2)
Strategy for the management of resistance to B. shaericus
429(4)
Conclusions and perspectives
433(8)
Biotechnology and Risk Assessment
441(64)
Biotechnological improvement of Bacillus thuringiensis for agricultural control of insect pests: benefits and ecological implications
441(20)
V Sanchis
Introduction
441(2)
Improvement of Bt strains
443(6)
Expression of cry genes in plants
449(1)
Ecological risks associated with the use of transgenic Bt crops
450(2)
Future challenges and prospects
452(3)
Summary and conclusions
455(6)
Genetic engineering of bacterial insecticides for improved efficacy against medically important Diptera
461(24)
B Federici
H-W Park
DK Bideshi
B Ge
Introduction
461(2)
Properties of mosquitocidal bacteria
463(3)
Factors for enhancing endotoxin synthesis
466(8)
Improvement of mosquitocidal bacteria
474(5)
Summary and conclusions
479(6)
Bacillus thuringiensis : risk assessment
485(20)
A Klier
Introduction
485(1)
Taxonomy of Bacillus thuringiensis and its occurrence in the environment
485(7)
Risk assessment
492(7)
Conclusions
499(6)
Index 505

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