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9780387300689

Foodborne Parasites

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780387300689

  • ISBN10:

    0387300686

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2006-05-05
  • Publisher: Springer Verlag
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Summary

Microbiologists are being challenged as foodborne outbreaks are increasingly being observed worldwide. Most of these outbreaks are associated with viral and bacterial pathogens such as Campylobacter, Salmonella, and lately Escherichia coli O157:H7, which emerged in the 1990s. Although parasites have been evolving with Man since antiquity, the control and eradication of these diseases are still far from being achieved. They are more frequently being reported in the literature as causative agents of food and waterborne illnesses. Foodborne Parasites examines the two major parasite groups that are transmitted via water or foods: the protozoa, which are single celled organisms, and the helminths. The helminths are classified in three sub groups: cestodes (tapeworms), nematodes (round worms), and trematodes (flukes). To better understand their significance, each chapter covers the biology, mechanisms of pathogenesis, epidemiology, treatment, and inactivation of these parasites. This important new text is crucial to a better understanding of the biology and control of parasitic infections necessary to reduce and eliminate future outbreaks in the U.S. and elsewhere.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1. Amoeba and Ciliates
Ynes R. Ortega
1(14)
1.1 Preface
1(1)
1.2 Amoeba
1(5)
1.2.1 Entamoeba histolytica
2(4)
1.3 Dientamoeba fragilis
6(1)
1.3.1 Morphology and Transmission
6(1)
1.3.2 Therapy
7(1)
1.4 Nonpathogenic Amoeba
7(1)
1.4.1 Entamoeba hartmanni
7(1)
1.4.2 Entamoeba coli
7(1)
1.4.3 Endolimax nana
7(1)
1.4.4 Iodamoeba butschlii
7(1)
1.5 Free-Living Amoebae
8(1)
1.6 Ciliates
8(3)
1.6.1 Life Cycle and Morphology
9(1)
1.6.2 Clinical Significance
9(2)
1.6.3 Diagnosis and Treatment
11(1)
1.6.4 Epidemiology and Prevention
11(1)
References
11(4)
Chapter 2. The Biology of Giardia Parasites
Irshad M. Sulaiman and Vitaliano Cama
15(18)
2.1 Preface
15(1)
2.2 Biology
16(1)
2.3 Detection and Classification of Giardia
17(6)
2.3.1 Detection Methods
17(2)
2.3.2 Classification of G. intestinalis
19(1)
2.3.3 Genotyping of G. intestinalis
20(3)
2.4 Transmission and Epidemiology
23(2)
2.4.1 Human
23(1)
2.4.2 Environmental
24(1)
2.5 Control and Treatment
25(3)
References
28(5)
Chapter 3. Coccidian Parasites
Vitaliano Cama
33(24)
3.1 Preface
33(1)
3.2 Background/History
33(3)
3.3 Biology
36(2)
3.4 Clinical Significance
38(1)
3.5 Transmission and Epidemiology
39(6)
3.5.1 Cyclospora
39(3)
3.5.2 Isospora
42(1)
3.5.3 Sarcocystic
42(3)
3.6 Diagnosis
45(1)
3.7 Treatment and Control
46(1)
References
47(10)
Chapter 4. Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis
Lihua Xiao and Vitaliano Cama
57(52)
4.1 Preface
57(1)
4.2 Taxonomy
57(3)
4.3 Life Cycle and Developmental Biology
60(1)
4.4 Epidemiology and Transmission
61(8)
4.4.1 Cryptosporidiosis in Immunocompetent Persons
61(1)
4.4.2 Cryptosporidiosis in Immunocompromised Persons
62(1)
4.4.3 Transmission Routes and Infection Sources: Anthroponotic Versus Zoonotic Transmission
63(1)
4.4.4 Waterborne Transmission
64(2)
4.4.5 Foodborne Transmission
66(3)
4.5 Detection and Diagnosis
69(12)
4.5.1 Serologic Methods
69(1)
4.5.2 Methods for Detection of Cryptosporidium in Stool Specimens
69(8)
4.5.3 Methods for Detection of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Environmental Samples
77(4)
4.6 Treatment
81(1)
4.7 Control of Cryptosporidium Contamination in Water and Food
82(4)
References
86(23)
Chapter 5. Toxoplasmosis
Ynes R. Ortega
109(26)
5.1 Preface
109(1)
5.2 Parasite Description
109(1)
5.3 Life Cycle
110(2)
5.4 Transmission
112(1)
5.5 Identification
112(3)
5.5.1 Molecular Assays
113(1)
5.5.2 Riboprinting
114(1)
5.6 Pathogenicity
115(1)
5.7 Epidemiology
115(8)
5.7.1 Humans
115(3)
5.7.2 Swine
118(2)
5.7.3 Poultry
120(1)
5.7.4 Sheep and Goats
121(1)
5.7.5 Other Animal Species
122(1)
5.8 Treatment
123(1)
5.9 Inactivation
124(1)
References
125(10)
Chapter 6. Food-Borne Nematode Infections
Charles R. Sterling
135(26)
6.1 Preface
135(1)
6.2 Trichinella spp.
135(10)
6.2.1 Background
135(1)
6.2.2 Speciation
136(1)
6.2.3 Life Cycle
136(1)
6.2.4 Epidemiology
137(3)
6.2.5 Human Trichinellosis–Epidemiology
140(2)
6.2.6 Clinical Manifestations
142(1)
6.2.7 Diagnosis and Treatment
143(1)
6.2.8 Prevention and Control
143(2)
6.3 Anisakis simplex and Related Species
145(3)
6.3.1 Background
145(1)
6.3.2 Life Cycle
146(1)
6.3.3 Epidemiology
146(1)
6.3.4 Clinical Manifestations
147(1)
6.3.5 Diagnosis and Treatment
147(1)
6.3.6 Prevention and Control
148(1)
6.4 Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Angiostrongylus costaricensis
148(5)
6.5 Gnathostoma spp
150(1)
6.6 Gongylonema spp
151(1)
6.7 Other Nematode Infections with Food-Borne Associations
152(1)
References
153(8)
Chapter 7. Foodborne Trematodes
Ann M. Adams
161(36)
7.1 Preface
161(1)
7.2 Paragonimus spp.
161(7)
7.2.1 Introduction
161(2)
7.2.2 Life Cycle
163(2)
7.2.3 Epidemiology
165(1)
7.2.4 Clinical Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment
166(2)
7.3 Clonorchis sinensis
168(6)
7.3.1 Introduction
168(1)
7.3.2 Life Cycle
169(1)
7.3.3 Epidemiology
170(1)
7.3.4 Clinical Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment
171(3)
7.4 Opisthorchis viverrini and Opisthorchis felineus
174(3)
7.4.1 Introduction
174(1)
7.4.2 Life Cycle
174(1)
7.4.3 Epidemiology
175(1)
7.4.4 Clinical Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment
176(1)
7.5 Nanophyetus salmincola
177(5)
7.5.1 Introduction
177(1)
7.5.2 Life Cycle
177(2)
7.5.3 Salmon Poisoning Disease
179(1)
7.5.4 Clinical Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment
180(2)
7.6 Fasciola spp
182(4)
7.6.1 Introduction
182(1)
7.6.2 Life Cycle
182(2)
7.6.3 Epidemiology
184(1)
7.6.4 Clinical Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment
184(2)
7.7 Fasciolopsis buski
186(3)
7.7.1 Introduction
186(1)
7.7.2 Life Cycle
187(1)
7.7.3 Epidemiology
188(1)
7.7.4 Clinical Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment
188(1)
7.8 Prevention and Control
189(2)
References
191(6)
Chapter 8. Cestodes
Natalie Bowman, Joseph Donroe, and Robert Gilman
197(34)
8.1 Preface
197(1)
8.2 Taenia
197(14)
8.2.1 Taenia solium
198(9)
8.2.2 Taenia saginata.
207(2)
8.2.3 Taenia asiatica
209(2)
8.3 Diphyllobothrium
211(4)
8.3.1 Diphyllobothrium latum
211(3)
8.3.2 Diphyllobothrium pacificum
214(1)
8.4 Spirometra
215(1)
8.4.1 Spirometra mansoides
215(1)
8.5 Echinococcus
216(7)
8.5.1 Echinococcus granulosus
216(5)
8.5.2 Echinococcus multilocularis
221(2)
8.6 Hymenolepis
223(2)
8.6.1 Hymenolepis nana
223(2)
References
225(6)
Chapter 9. Waterborne Parasites and Diagnostic Tools
Gregory D. Sturbaum and George D. Di Giovanni
231(44)
9.1 Preface
231(1)
9.2 Parasites
232(3)
9.3 Concentration and Isolation Techniques
235(2)
9.4 Detection Methodologies
237(16)
9.4.1 Microscopic Techniques
237(2)
9.4.2 Nucleic Acid Techniques
239(9)
9.4.3 Immunological-based Techniques
248(2)
9.4.4 Viability Techniques
250(3)
9.5 Proper Evaluation (QA/QC)
253(2)
References
255(20)
Chapter 10. Risk Assessment of Parasites in Food
Kristina D. Mena
275(10)
10.1 Preface
275(1)
10.2 The Risk Assessment Framework
276(6)
10.2.1 Defining the Hazard
276(1)
10.2.2 Exposure Assessment
277(1)
10.2.3 Hazard Characterization (Dose-response Assessment)
278(2)
10.2.4 Risk Characterization
280(1)
10.2.5 Assumptions, Assumptions, Assumptions
281(1)
10.2.6 Emerging Applications of Microbial Risk Assessment
282(1)
References
282(3)
Index 285

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