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9780801865824

Ecosystem Change and Public Health: A Global Perspective

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780801865824

  • ISBN10:

    0801865824

  • Edition: 1st
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2001-05-01
  • Publisher: JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV PRESS

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Summary

"The purpose of this textbook on global ecosystem change and human health is twofold:(1) to raise awareness of changes in human health related to global ecosystem change and (2) to expand the scope of the traditional curriculum in environmental health to include the interactions of major environmental forces and public health on a global scale."--from the Introduction Ecosystem Change and Public Health focuses on how human health is affected by global ecosystem changes. It is the first textbook devoted to this emerging field, offering a global perspective on research methods and emphasizing empirical investigations of health outcomes in combination with integrated assessment for policy development. The book covers such topics as global climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, water resources management, and ecology and infectious disease. Case studies of cholera, malaria, the effects of water resources, and global climate change and air pollution illustrate the analysis and methodology. The book also includes a resource center describing places to start searches on the World Wide Web, guidelines for finding and evaluating information, suggested study projects, and strategies for encouraging communication among course participants.

Author Biography

Joan L. Aron, Ph.D. is president of Science Communication Studies and an associate in the Department of Epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health. Jonathan A. Patz, M.D., M.P.H. is an assistant professor and director of the Program on Health Effects of Global Environmental Change in the Department of Environmental Health Sciences at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health.

Table of Contents

List of Contributors
xiii
Foreword xv
Carlos Morel
Preface and Acknowledgments xvii
Introduction: How to Use This Book xix
Purpose xix
The Target Audience xx
Multiple Ways to Use the Chapters xx
Electronic References and Information Literacy xxi
The Format of Suggested Study Projects xxii
Conclusion xxiii
PART I: APPROACHES 1(162)
Information on Issues of Global Change
3(14)
Erika G. Feulner
The Interaction of Natural and Anthropogenic Dynamics
4(1)
Research Infrastructures
5(3)
The Decline of Natural Resources
8(3)
Air and Climate
Water
Land
Energy
Population Growth
11(3)
Urbanization
Migration
Economic Development
14(2)
Industrialization
Agricultural Development
Conclusion
16(1)
Epidemiological Study Designs
17(43)
Alfred A. Buck
Joan L. Aron
Descriptive Measures of Health Status
19(6)
Analytical Approaches
25(24)
Ecological Studies
Cross-sectional Studies
Case-control Studies
Cohort Studies
Special Issues for Studies of the Transmission of Infectious Disease
Risks and Rates
Potential Sources of Error in Epidemiological Studies
The Sequential Application of Epidemiological Methods
49(6)
Conclusion
55(1)
Suggested Study Projects
55(5)
Geographic Information Systems
60(40)
Joan L. Aron
Gregory E. Glass
The Basic Components of Geographic Information Systems
61(4)
A Generalized Thematic Mapping System
Vector and Raster Data Formats
A Relational Database Management System
Related Technologies
65(10)
Remote Sensing
The Global Positioning System
Geographic Base File Systems
Methods for Spatial Data Analysis
75(9)
Map Generation
Map Analysis
Map Overlay and Comparison
The Quality of Data
84(3)
Spatial Accuracy and Resolution
Temporal Accuracy and Resolution
Thematic Accuracy and Resolution
Consistency and Completeness
Issues in Implementation
87(3)
Sources of Data
Computer Hardware and Software
Human Resources
Conclusion
90(2)
Suggested Study Projects
92(8)
The Science/Policy Interface
100(16)
Jonathan M. Samet
Science/Policy Interfaces
101(3)
Models and the Science/Policy Interface
104(3)
Quantitative Risk Assessment
107(5)
Risk Assessment and Global Ecosystem Change
112(1)
Conclusion
113(1)
Suggested Study Projects
113(3)
Integrated Assessment
116(47)
Joan L. Aron
J. Hugh Ellis
Benjamin F. Hobbs
The History of Integrated Assessment Models
119(2)
The Building of Decision-Focused Integrated Assessment Models
121(2)
A Taxonomy of Approaches to Integrated Assessment Modeling
123(13)
Simulation versus Optimization
Linearity versus Nonlinearity
Single versus Multiple Objectives
Deterministic versus Stochastic Approaches
Static versus Dynamic Approaches
Visualization and System-User Dynamics
Integrated Assessment as a Participatory Process
136(3)
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Integrated Assessment
139(5)
The Integrated Assessment of Ecosystem Change and Public Health
144(9)
The Building of a Framework
Multiple Benefits and Costs
The Placement of value on Benefits and Costs
The Integrated Management of Ecosystems and Public Health
Conclusion
153(1)
Suggested Study Projects
154(9)
PART II: ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES 163(162)
Human Populations in the Shared Environment
165(23)
Dennis C. Pirages
Paul J. Runci
Robert H. Sprinkle
Social Evolution, Progress, and the Environment
165(5)
The Effects of Industrialization
An Emerging Global System
Anthropogenic Changes and Future Human Health
170(8)
Food Production and Health in the Less-Industrialized World
Human Population Movements
Urbanization and the Rise of Megacities
Demographic Change and Health in the Industrialized World
International Cooperation for Global Public Health
178(5)
Conclusion
183(1)
Suggested Study Projects
183(5)
The Changing Chemistry of Earth's Atmosphere
188(45)
Steven A. Lloyd
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
190(19)
The Development of the Stratospheric Ozone Issue: Supersonic Transports
Another Threat to the Ozone Layer: Chlorofluorocarbons
The Smoking Gun: The Antarctic Ozone Hole
The Global Extent of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Ozone Loss in the Arctic
Modeling the Effects on Human Health of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
The Effects of UV-B Radiation on Human Skin
The Effects of UV-8 Radiation on the Human Eye
Chlorofluorocarbon Regulation: An International Policy Success Story
The Future of the Earth's Ozone Layer
Acid Deposition
209(4)
The Consequences of Acid Precipitation
Atmospheric Aerosols
Urban Smog Formation / Tropospheric Ozone
213(5)
Tropospheric Pollutants
Tropospheric Ozone Formation
Computer Modeling of Regional Air Pollution
Enhanced Global Warming
218(9)
Climate Control and Climate Change
Greenhouse Gases
Issues of Current Controversy
Feedback Mechanisms
Conclusion
227(1)
Suggested Study Projects
227(6)
An Earth Science Perspective on Global Change
233(18)
George W. Fisher
The Energy Cycle
234(3)
The Water Cycle
237(5)
The Carbon Cycle
242(4)
Ecosystem Dynamics
246(2)
Conclusion: An Ecological Perspective on Health
248(1)
Suggested Study Projects
249(2)
Water Resources Management
251(32)
Nicolaas J. P. M. de Groot
The Hydrological Cycle
252(2)
Determining How Much Water Is Available
254(4)
The Quality of Water
258(4)
Increasing Competition among Users of Fresh Water
262(1)
Human Intervention in the Terrestrial Water Cycle
263(3)
Agricultural Activities and Forest Management
266(4)
Agricultural Activities
Forest Management
Urban Activities
270(3)
The Overexploitation of Groundwater Resources
273(1)
Pressure from Climatic Change
274(5)
Precipitation and Evapotranspiration
The Rise in Sea Level
Conclusion
279(1)
Suggested Study Projects
279(4)
Ecology and Infectious Disease
283(42)
Mark L. Wilson
Ecological Characteristics and Processes Influencing Transmission
285(6)
The Interaction of Abiotic and Biotic Factors
Temporal and Spatial Scale and Variation
Ecological Zones and the Global Distribution of Diseases
Population Ecology and Behavior
Immunity and Transmission
The Diversity and Complexity of Transmission Cycles
Directly Transmitted Anthroponoses
291(3)
Directly Transmitted Zoonoses
294(4)
Environmental Factors Determining Transmission
Reservoir Population Ecology and Transmission
Indirectly Transmitted Anthroponoses
298(4)
Environmental Factors Determining Transmission
Human Ecology and Transmission
Indirectly Transmitted Zoonoses
302(4)
Environmental Factors Determining Transmission
The Ecology of Reservoir-Vector-Human Interactions
Ecological Change and Emerging Diseases
306(8)
Foundations of the Emergence of Disease
Newly Recognized Diseases
Expanding Distributions
Increased Local Incidence
Increased Severity, Duration, or Resistance to Treatment
Evaluation of the Emergence of Disease
Implications for Control and Risk Reduction
314(3)
Ecological Pattern, Uncertainty, and Prediction
Treatment, Prevention, and Control
A Conceptual Framework for Integrated Control
Knowledge and Research Needs
317(2)
Ecoepidemiological Data
Directed Fundamental Research
New Perspectives and Methods
Conclusion
319(1)
Suggested Study Projects
319(6)
PART III: CASE STUDIES 325(106)
Cholera and Global Ecosystems
327(26)
Anwar Huq
R. Bradley Sack
Rita R. Colwell
The History of Cholera
328(3)
The First Six Pandemics
The Seventh Pandemic and Early Signs of an Eighth Pandemic
Old and New Beliefs about How Cholera Occurs
331(1)
An Update on the Ecology of Vibrio cholerae
332(6)
A Summary of the Descriptive Epidemiological Aspects of Cholera
338(1)
Geographic Examples of the Behavior of Cholera
339(4)
Bangladesh
Africa
Latin America
The United States and Australia
The Control of Cholera
343(3)
Conclusion
346(1)
Suggested Study Projects
347(6)
Malaria and Global Ecosystem Change
353(26)
Joan L. Aron
Clive J. Shiff
Alfred A. Buck
Malaria in Africa
357(7)
Malaria in Zimbabwe
Malaria in Gambia and Niger
Malaria in Sri Lanka
364(5)
Malaria in Brazil
369(2)
Malaria in the United States
371(2)
Conclusion
373(1)
Suggested Study Projects
373(6)
Global Climate Change and Air Pollution: Interactions and Their Effects on Human Health
379(30)
Jonathan A. Patz
John M. Balbus
A Historical Perspective on Air Pollution
380(4)
From Local to Regional to Global
Transboundary Air Pollution
Trends in Air Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases
Fossil Fuels: The Common Source of Air Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases
384(4)
Climate Change and Levels of Air Pollutants
388(9)
Secondary Air Pollutants
The Influence of Weather on Ozone Formation
The Influence of Weather on Ozone Transport
The Health Effects of Ozone
Acid Rain
The Health Effects of Sulfur Dioxide
Potential Effects of Climate Change on Air Pollution in the United States
Modeling Studies of Air Quality and Climate Change
Climate Variability, Biomass, Air Quality, and Health: Forest Fires and Allergens
The Synergy between Heat Stress and Pollutants Affecting Health
397(2)
Possible Pathways of the Effect of Global Climate Change on Public Health
399(2)
The Rise in Temperature
Extremes in the Hydrological Cycle
The Rise in Sea Level
The Relationship with Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Conclusion
401(1)
Suggested Study Projects
402(7)
Too Little, Too Much: How the Quantity of Water Affects Human Health
409(22)
Les Roberts
Ulisses E. C. Confalonieri
Joan L. Aron
Extreme Water Scarcity and Mortality in a Refugee Population in Goma, Zaire
410(5)
Flooding and Health in Brazil
415(4)
Consequences of the Diversion of Water
419(7)
Ecological Deterioration on a Massive Scale in the Aral Sea Basin
Exposure to Dust in the Great Basin Unified Air Pollution Control District of California
Conclusion
426(1)
Suggested Study Projects
426(5)
A Stimulating Inquiry: Textbooks and Information Literacy in the internet Environment 431(6)
Erika G. Feulner
The Traditional Role of the Textbook
431(1)
Changes in the Learning Environment
431(1)
The New Role of the Textbook
432(1)
Mental Skills Development
433(1)
Information Literacy on the Internet
433(3)
Evaluating Information
Citing Electronic Information
Browsing the Web
Interactivity and Communication
436(1)
B The Resource Center, compiled 437(18)
Erika G. Feulner
Annotated Websites
438(10)
U.S. Government Agencies
United States-based Organizations
International Organizations
Focus on Linkages
Reinforcement of Interdisciplinary Perspectives
Topically Arranged Websites
448(2)
Atmospheric Changes---Climate
Land Use---Agriculture
Water
Population---Urbanization-Migration
Environmental Policies
Chapters Listing URLs
Online Directories and Library Services
450(5)
Directories
Library Services
List of Abbreviations 455(6)
Glossary 461(8)
Joan L. Aron
Mark L. Wilson
Index 469

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