9781880611302

List of Figures	p. ix
List of Tables	p. ix
Acknowledgments	p. x
About the Editors	p. xi
Workshop Participants	p. xv
Foreword	p. xviii
Executive Summary	p. xxi
Problem Formulation	p. 1
Statement of the Problem	p. 1
Summary of Current Practice	p. 2
Problem Resolution	p. 4
Conceptual Model Development	p. 5
References	p. 14
Exposure Analysis	p. 15
Introduction	p. 15
Bioavailability	p. 18
Exposure Variability: Spatial and Temporal Issues	p. 24
Multipathway Exposure	p. 31
Multimedia Integration	p. 41
Research Needs	p. 45
References	p. 46
Effects Assessment	p. 53
Introduction	p. 53
Determining Approach and Data Needs for Effects Assessment	p. 54
Measuring and Interpreting Chronic Toxicity	p. 60
Time Dependence of Toxicity	p. 69
Bioavailability	p. 73
Composition of the Toxicological Database	p. 82
Mixture Implications for WQC	p. 89
Criteria for the Protection of Wildlife	p. 91
Dietary Concerns in the Development of WQC	p. 96
Population, Community, and Ecosystem Responses	p. 101
References	p. 106
Risk Characterization	p. 119
Introduction	p. 119
Unique Aspects of the Type 3 Criteria Development Process	p. 120
Ecological Risk Assessment to Manage Water Quality: Duwamish Estuary Case Study	p. 124
Relationship of WQC to Community Structure and Function	p. 125
Considerations of Ecological Significance in Risk Characterization	p. 127
Characterizing Uncertainty	p. 132
Communicating WQC	p. 139
References	p. 140
A Review of Current Approaches and Future Directions in National Ambient Water-Quality Criteria for Aquatic Life Protection: Canada, Netherlands, New Zealand, USA	p. 143
Approaches: Canada, Netherlands, New Zealand, USA	p. 143
Canadian National Water-Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life: Current Status and Future Directions	p. 144
Terminology and Legal Framework	p. 144
Guiding Principles for the Development of Canadian EQGs	p. 145
Future Directions	p. 147
Current Approaches for National Ambient Water-Quality Criteria for Aquatic Life Protection in the Netherlands	p. 149
Terminology and Legal Framework	p. 149
Methodology to Derive Generic ERLs	p. 150
New Developments	p. 152
Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council Approach to Derivation of Water-Quality Guideline Values for Toxic Contaminants in Aquatic Ecosystems: Heavy Metals	p. 154
Terminology and Legal Framework	p. 154
Technical Approach	p. 155
USA Ambient Water-Quality Criteria	p. 162
Terminology and Legal Framework	p. 162
Derivation Methodology	p. 163
References	p. 168
A Risk Assessor's Thoughts on Water-Quality Criteria Development	p. 171
References	p. 177
Abbreviations	p. 179
Index	p. 182
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Re-Evaluation of the State of the Science for Water-Quality Criteria Development: Proceedings from the Pellston Workshop on Re-Evaluation of the State of the Science for Water-Quality Criteria Development, 25-30 June 1998, Fairmont

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