did-you-know? rent-now

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

did-you-know? rent-now

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

We're the #1 textbook rental company. Let us show you why.

9780444822055

Environmental Analytical Chemistry

by ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780444822055

  • ISBN10:

    0444822054

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 1999-05-01
  • Publisher: Elsevier Science Ltd
  • Purchase Benefits
  • Free Shipping Icon Free Shipping On Orders Over $35!
    Your order must be $35 or more to qualify for free economy shipping. Bulk sales, PO's, Marketplace items, eBooks and apparel do not qualify for this offer.
  • eCampus.com Logo Get Rewarded for Ordering Your Textbooks! Enroll Now
List Price: $485.00

Summary

Notwithstanding the vast amount of environmental analytical chemical literature available, publications dealing with environmental analytical chemistry in a general, integrated manner are rather scant. In fact, most literature on such a relevant topic appears to touch on individual aspects such as water or air pollution, applicable conventional or special equipment used with given matrices and specific pollutant groups. Most of these books are of interest to experts and only a few, if any, provide less experienced readers with a systematic, comprehensive description of environmental analytical issues. This book, which is intended to fill the gap, approaches the subject by focusing on the sample and its handling.The fourteen chapters that make up the book follow a logical sequence of sample matrices and analyte types. The first six are of paramount importance, as they lay the foundations for a basic, yet comprehensive coverage of the subject in the others. Following the required introduction to environmental chemistry, Chapters 2 to 6 deal sequentially with environmental quality assurance, quality control fundamentals and practical aspects of environmental sampling, the preconcentration of environmental samples and environmental control standards. Chapters 7 to 12 are concerned with the analytical control of inorganic and organic pollutants in air, water and soil. Finally, the last two chapters are devoted to speciation and chemometrics in environmental analysis. Each chapter presents the state-of-the-art of the environmental topic covered, and illustrates it with a wealth of practical examples. Overall, the book contains about one hundred tables, almost two hundred figures and more than 1700 references, all of which make it a pedagogical, current reference work.On the borderline between a textbook and a monograph, it is intended to be useful both as an academic text for the burgeoning number of undergraduate and postgraduate courses on the subject, as a reference book for those starting work in the environmental field and as a source of first-hand information on environmental science and its practical laboratory aspects.

Table of Contents

Editor's Preface xix
Authors' Preface xxi
Introduction to environmental chemistry
1(34)
Introduction
1(3)
Definition of contamination and pollution
4(1)
Classification
5(2)
Sources and evaluation of air contamination
7(2)
``Natural'' contamination
7(1)
Anthropogenic contamination
8(1)
Definition of atmospheric pollutant
8(1)
Sources and evaluation of water contamination
9(8)
Naturally occurring impurities
11(1)
Artificial contaminants
11(1)
Inorganic contaminants
12(1)
Organic contaminants
13(2)
Organic wastes with oxygen demand
15(2)
The chemistry of atmospheric pollution
17(8)
The atmospheric cycle of carbon
17(2)
The atmospheric cycle of nitrogen
19(3)
The atmospheric cycle of sulphur
22(3)
Problems arising from water and air pollution
25(8)
Acid rain
25(2)
Eutrophication
27(2)
The ozone hole
29(3)
The hothouse effect
32(1)
References
33(2)
Quality assurance in environmental analysis
35(24)
Introduction
35(1)
Analysis planning
36(3)
Quality assurance
39(4)
Quality control
40(1)
Quality assessment
41(2)
Validation
43(1)
Precision and accuracy
43(3)
Precision assessment
44(1)
Accuracy assessment
45(1)
Representativeness
46(1)
Completeness
47(1)
Comparability
48(1)
Sampling
48(3)
Use of blanks and control samples
50(1)
Analytical determination
51(5)
Calibration and standardization
52(1)
Recovery
53(1)
Selectivity
53(1)
Limit of detection and limit of quantitation
54(2)
Documented analytical reports
56(1)
References
56(3)
Fundamentals of environmental sampling
59(60)
Introduction
59(3)
Relationship of sampling to other steps of the analytical process
62(2)
Sampling planning
64(7)
Sampling locations and points; spatial and temporal determinand distributions
71(5)
Experimental models for sample drawing
76(2)
Composite sampling
78(3)
Estimation of the minimum number and size of samples
81(9)
Estimation of sample size for a well-mixed population
83(1)
Estimation of sample number and size for a segregated population
83(1)
Visman's approach
83(2)
Single-constant sampling approaches
85(2)
Estimation of sample number for spatially and temporally correlated data
87(3)
Sample collection: problems related to sampling devices
90(7)
Perturbation of the environmental object by the sampling device
91(1)
Processes occurring within the sample device
91(3)
Sample contamination by the sampling device
94(3)
Preservation of sample integrity
97(8)
Chemical additions
98(1)
Temperature control
98(1)
Sample containers
99(1)
Use of separation techniques
100(5)
Evaluation of quality assurance sampling data
105(7)
Estimating sampling precision
109(2)
Estimating sampling bias
111(1)
Calculating sampling costs
112(2)
References
114(5)
Practical aspects of environmental sampling
119(66)
Introduction
119(1)
Air sampling
119(27)
Ambient air
122(1)
Gas-phase sampling
122(5)
Gas/particle partitioning
127(1)
Particle phase sampling
128(6)
Wet/occult/dry deposition sampling
134(3)
Workplace air
137(1)
Gas-phase sampling
138(1)
Aerosol sampling
139(3)
Stationary sources
142(2)
Mobile sources
144(2)
Water sampling
146(12)
Surface and industrial waters
146(4)
Ground waters
150(3)
Sediments
153(3)
Solid water state
156(2)
Soil sampling
158(11)
Solid-phase sampling
161(2)
Liquid-phase sampling
163(3)
Gas-phase sampling
166(3)
Biota sampling
169(5)
Plants
170(3)
Organisms
173(1)
References
174(11)
Preconcentration of environmental samples
185(32)
Introduction
185(1)
Preconcentration of water samples
186(17)
Solvent removal
187(3)
Solvent extraction
190(1)
Solid-phase extraction
191(5)
Precipitation and electrodeposition
196(3)
Ion exchange
199(1)
Immobilized reagents
200(1)
Miscellaneous techniques
200(3)
Preconcentration of air samples
203(7)
Sorbent traps
203(4)
Cool and cryogenic traps
207(1)
Chemically active adsorption tubes and filters
208(1)
Miscellaneous techniques. Derivatization
209(1)
Preconcentration of solid samples
210(3)
Soxhlet extraction
211(1)
Supercritical fluid extraction
212(1)
References
213(4)
Environmental control standards
217(34)
Introduction
217(2)
Quantitation standards for analytical control
219(27)
Definition and classification of reference materials
224(1)
Standards for the determination of environmental parameters
224(1)
Individual standards
224(9)
Standard samples
233(2)
Reference materials for organic compounds
235(1)
Reference materials for the analysis of biological materials and foods
236(4)
Reference materials for the analysis of waters, sediments and air
240(2)
Reference materials for the analysis of soils
242(1)
Miscellaneous reference materials
243(1)
Synthetic reference materials
243(2)
Absence of reference materials. Strategies
245(1)
Environmental evaluation standards
246(3)
Development of an environmental standard
248(1)
References
249(2)
Determination of inorganic gaseous pollutants in air
251(86)
General considerations on air analysis
251(25)
Composition and features of the atmosphere
251(2)
Types of atmospheric pollutants
253(12)
Local- and global-scale measurements
265(8)
Miscellaneous considerations on the analysis of air pollutants
273(3)
Determination of inorganic and some organic-related gaseous pollutants
276(52)
Introduction
276(1)
Concentration units for atmospheric gases
277(1)
Carbon oxides
277(1)
Carbon monoxide
278(3)
Carbon dioxide
281(1)
Sulphur compounds
282(3)
Sulphur dioxide
285(6)
Reduced sulphur compounds
291(1)
Nitrogen compounds
292(3)
Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide
295(3)
Nitrous acid and nitric acid
298(5)
Ammonia
303(3)
Nitrous oxide
306(1)
Oxidants and radicals
306(5)
Ozone
311(3)
Peroxides
314(6)
Radicals
320(6)
Mercury
326(2)
References
328(9)
Determination of organic gaseous pollutants in air
337(60)
Types of organic gaseous pollutants
337(2)
Sources of atmospheric VOCs
339(7)
Problems and key points in the development of VOC determination methods
346(15)
Sampling
348(1)
Canisters
348(2)
Sorbent cartridges-thermal desorption
350(4)
Impregnated surfaces
354(2)
Cryogenic focusing
356(1)
Gas chromatographic separation
356(3)
Gas chromatographic detectors
359(2)
Hydrocarbons
361(7)
C2-C9 Hydrocarbons
363(1)
C2-C16 Hydrocarbons
364(1)
Biogenic non-methane hydrocarbons
364(4)
Toxic VOCs
368(2)
Halogen compounds
370(7)
Halocarbons
371(3)
Hydrohalocarbons
374(3)
Carbonyls
377(5)
Carboxylic acids
382(2)
Organic nitrates
384(6)
Peroxyacyl nitrates
386(1)
Alkyl nitrates
387(3)
References
390(7)
Physical and chemical characterization of particulate airborne matter
397(74)
Introduction
397(2)
Sources of airborne solids
399(5)
Chemical characterization of particulate airborne material
404(43)
Chemical composition of the particle collective
405(1)
Acidic and neutralized inorganic particles
405(4)
Trace elements
409(9)
Elemental carbon
418(5)
Organic particulate matter
423(9)
Chemical composition of single particles
432(2)
Techniques for off-line single-particle analysis
434(4)
Techniques for on-line single-particle analysis
438(4)
Surface analysis
442(5)
Physical characterization of particulate airborne material
447(15)
Mass concentration measurement
448(5)
Number concentration measurements
453(1)
Particle sizing
454(2)
Mobility-based sizing
456(2)
Relaxation time-based sizing
458(3)
Light scattering-based sizing
461(1)
References
462(9)
Determination of inorganic pollutants in waters
471(64)
Introduction
471(3)
Physical characterization of water
474(6)
Organoleptic properties and microscopic examination
475(1)
Determination of decantable and suspended matter
475(1)
Physico-chemical determinations
476(2)
Other determinations: salinity, hardness, acidity and alkalinity
478(2)
Determination of metals
480(18)
Chemical interactions
481(2)
Concentration level
483(1)
Methods for the determination of toxic and non-toxic metals
484(14)
Determination of anions
498(6)
Methods for the determination of anions
498(6)
Analysis of gases
504(5)
Determination methods
504(5)
Automatic monitoring of inorganic pollutants in waters
509(7)
Principles of automatic analysis
509(2)
Components of an autoanalyser
511(1)
Sequential analysers: batch and continuous-flow systems
512(3)
Use of autoanalysers in water analyses
515(1)
On-line analysers for water pollutants
516(16)
Single-pollutant analysers
516(8)
Multi-pollutant analysers
524(8)
References
532(3)
Determination of organic pollutants in waters
535(70)
Introduction
535(1)
Determination of non-specific organic pollutants
536(17)
Determination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
539(6)
Determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD)
545(4)
Determination of total organic carbon (TOC)
549(3)
Determination of total oxygen demand (TOD)
552(1)
Individual and joint determination of organic pollutants
553(42)
General considerations
553(3)
Determination of hydrocarbons
556(6)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS)
562(5)
Determination of phenol and its derivatives
567(8)
Determination of pesticides, pcbs and related compounds
575(11)
Determination of surfactants
586(9)
References
595(10)
Determination of soil pollutants
605(44)
Introduction
605(5)
Types of soil pollutant
610(4)
Partitioning of pollutants among soil phases
614(4)
The behaviour of pollutants in soil
618(3)
Determination of soil pollutants
621(23)
Sample preparation and treatment
622(4)
Determination of inorganic pollutants
626(1)
Nitrogen forms
626(2)
Phosphorus forms
628(2)
Salts
630(2)
Trace elements
632(4)
Determination of organic pollutants
636(1)
Pesticides
636(2)
Hydrocarbons
638(2)
Volatile and semivolatile compounds
640(2)
Humic substances
642(2)
References
644(5)
Speciation in environmental analysis
649(98)
Introduction
649(1)
Forms of trace elements in environmental samples
650(6)
Factors affecting metal speciation
656(2)
The need for trace element speciation
658(3)
The nature of speciation as an analytical problem
661(5)
General approaches to speciation
666(40)
Experimental methods
667(2)
Species-specific techniques
669(5)
Off-line separation-detection techniques
674(5)
Hyphenated techniques
679(14)
Kinetic discrimination-based methods
693(9)
Computational methods
702(4)
Speciation in various environmental compartments
706(12)
Water
706(3)
Air
709(2)
Soil and sediments
711(5)
Biological material
716(2)
Speciation of elements
718(17)
Aluminium
719(2)
Arsenic
721(4)
Chromium
725(3)
Lead
728(1)
Mercury
729(2)
Selenium
731(2)
Tin
733(2)
References
735(12)
Chemometrics in environmental analysis
747(88)
Introduction
747(1)
The need for multivariate statistics in environmental chemistry
748(2)
Types of variable in environmental chemistry
750(2)
Classification of multivariate methods
752(6)
Cluster analysis
758(13)
Basic concepts
758(1)
Cluster algorithms
759(3)
Visualization of the results of cluster analysis
762(2)
Application of cluster analysis to environmental problems
764(1)
A brief overview
764(2)
A case study: elucidating the composition of atmospheric aerosols
766(5)
Supervised learning methods
771(16)
Discriminant analysis
772(3)
The k-nearest neighbour method
775(1)
Class modelling methods
775(2)
Application of supervised learning methods to environmental problems
777(1)
A brief overview
777(3)
A case study: discriminating mussels from pristine and polluted locations
780(7)
Factorial methods
787(19)
Principal component analysis
789(1)
Factor analysis
790(3)
Application of factorial methods to environmental problems
793(1)
A brief overview
793(7)
A case study: an approach to the study of eutrophication in lakes
800(6)
Regression and correlation analysis
806(14)
Regression analysis
806(1)
Multiple regression
807(1)
Partial least-squares method
808(1)
Correlation analysis
809(2)
Application of regression and correlation analysis to environmental problems
811(1)
A brief overview
811(4)
A case study: investigating binding forms, distribution between phases and transport rates of metals in rivers
815(5)
Methods for analysing censored data
820(8)
Estimating summary statistics
820(5)
Methods for hypothesis testing
825(2)
Methods for regression
827(1)
References
828(7)
Index 835

Supplemental Materials

What is included with this book?

The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

Rewards Program