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9780471987246

Functional Organic and Polymeric Materials Molecular Functionality - Macroscopic Reality

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  • ISBN13:

    9780471987246

  • ISBN10:

    0471987247

  • Edition: 1st
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2000-04-07
  • Publisher: WILEY
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Summary

Describing exciting new developments in the field of organic molecular materials which have transformed the use of materials in the modern world in the last 20 years or so, the focal point of 'Functional Organic and Polymeric Molecular Materials' is the concept of 'molecular functionality - macroscopic reality'. That is, the close relationships between the properties of isolated, discrete molecules and those of assembled arrays of molecules in thin films or crystals. Organic chemistry provides materials researchers with the wonderful opportunity to design bulk materials whose properties at the macroscopic level reflect closely the modelled or actual behaviour of individual molecules or small arrays of molecules. The iterative "design-test-design" approach to has led in recent years to major advances in such fields as liquid crystals, electroluminesent displays, sensors and organic conductors, to name but a few. Indeed, it is extremely difficult in this new millennium to escape the myriad applications of organic and polymeric materials; engineering plastics are everywhere, electronic displays grace almost every consumer electronic device, organic-based sensor are widespread and our world is marvellously colourful, thanks mostly to organic dyes, paints and inks. This book is aimed at molecular materials researchers who wish to broaden their knowledge of the discipline and those about to enter the field. Indeed, it is hoped that the latter group of scientists sense some of the excitement and fascination concerned with organic materials which is felt by the authors.

Author Biography

Tim H. Richardson, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, UK

Table of Contents

List of Contributors
xiii
Editors Acknowledgements xv
Molecular Functionality---Macroscopic Reality
1(6)
Tim H. Richardson
References
5(2)
Organic Thin-Film Deposition Techniques
7(24)
M. C. Petty
Introduction
7(1)
Deposition Methods
8(18)
Spin-Coating
8(2)
Physical Vapour Deposition
10(6)
Chemical Vapour Deposition
16(1)
Electrochemical Methods
17(1)
Langmuir--Blodgett Film Deposition
18(4)
Self-Assembly and Related Methods
22(3)
Other Techniques
25(1)
Towards Nanofabrication
26(3)
Conclusions
29(2)
References
29(2)
Liquid Crystals as Functional Molecular Materials
31(44)
David A. Dunmur
Louise D. Farrand
Introduction
31(2)
Types of Liquid Crystals
33(6)
Molecular Properties and Macroscopic Function and Response
39(15)
Phase Behaviour
39(2)
Optical Properties
41(1)
Electrical Properties
42(5)
Elastic Properties
47(2)
Viscosities
49(2)
Chiral Properties
51(3)
Macrostructures for External Function and Response
54(10)
Surface-Stabilized Thin Films
54(5)
Networks, Polymers, Elastomers and Gels
59(2)
Micro-Encapsulation
61(2)
Biostructures, Vesicles and Membranes
63(1)
Applications of Liquid Crystals: Recent Developments
64(6)
Viewing-Angle Improvement
66(1)
Brightness Enhancement
67(1)
Reflective Displays
68(1)
Faster Displays
69(1)
Conclusions
70(5)
References
71(4)
Thermotropic Side-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers
75(34)
David Lacey
Liquid Crystals
75(6)
Calamitic versus Discotic
76(1)
The Mesophases
77(4)
Side-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers
81(18)
The Polymer Backbone
83(8)
The Flexible Spacer Group
91(4)
Mesogenic Side Group
95(4)
Liquid Crystalline Elastomers
99(5)
Structure of Liquid Crystalline Elastomers
99(1)
Mechanical Field Effect
99(2)
Mono-Domain Liquid Crystalline Elastomers
101(3)
Fast-Switching Anisotropic Networks
104(1)
Final Remarks
105(4)
References
106(3)
Langmuir Monolayers
109(40)
I.R. Peterson
Introduction
109(1)
Molecular Interactions
110(3)
Amphiphiles
113(5)
Self-Assembly
118(2)
Order and Symmetry
120(3)
Mesophases
123(3)
Hexatics
126(2)
Isotherms
128(5)
Conceptual Development
133(1)
Phase Diagrams
134(5)
Textures
139(4)
Equivalent States
143(2)
Perspectives
145(4)
References
146(3)
The Formation of Organized Molecular Assemblies via Spontaneous Adsorption: Monolayers to Multilayers
149(32)
S.D. Evans
L.M. Williams
Self-Assembled Monolayers
149(9)
Self-Assembled Monolayers Formation
150(2)
Structure and Conformational Order within Alkanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold
152(3)
Interior Functionality
155(1)
Surface Functionalization
156(2)
Multifunctional Self-Assembled Monolayers
158(1)
Photoisomerizable Monolayers
159(2)
Supported Lipid Bilayers
161(2)
Patterned Monolayers
163(3)
Microcontact Printing (μCP)
164(1)
Photolithography
164(2)
Proximal Probe and Other Serial Techniques
166(1)
Fluid--Surface Interactions
166(2)
Self-Assembled Monolayers on Non-Planar Surfaces
168(1)
Self-Assembly Routes to Multilayer Formation
168(7)
Methodologies for Multilayer Growth
169(6)
Conclusions
175(6)
References
176(5)
Langmuir--Blodgett Films: From Deposition to Application
181(20)
Tim H. Richardson
Introduction
181(1)
Fabrication of Langmuir--Blodgett Films
182(6)
Langmuir Monolayer Formation
182(3)
Langmuir Film Transfer
185(3)
Characterization of Langmuir--Blodgett Films
188(5)
Applied Physics of Functional Langmuir--Blodgett Films
193(5)
Ionic Conductivity through Langmuir--Blodgett Films
193(2)
Pyroelectricity
195(1)
Gas Sensing
195(3)
Summary
198(1)
References
199(2)
Conduction in Conjugated Molecular Materials
201(32)
A.J. Campbell
Introduction
201(2)
Physical Structure of Molecular Solids
203(1)
Electronic Structure of Molecular Solids and the Nature of the Charge Carriers
204(6)
Charge Transport
210(4)
Carrier Densities
214(1)
Contacts
215(5)
Injection-Limited Current Flow
220(4)
Bulk-Dominated Conduction
224(9)
References
231(2)
Conductivity and Structural Organization of Macromolecular Polyether Alkali Metal Salt Complexes
233(40)
Peter V. Wright
Yungui Zheng
Introduction
233(1)
Ionic Conductivity of PEO-Based Complexes with Inorganic Alkali Metal Salts
234(2)
The Structure of Organized Phases of PEO--Alkali Salt Complexes
236(2)
Thermal Properties and Morphology of PEO--Alkali Salt Complexes
238(3)
Thermodynamic Stabilities of PEO--Alkali Salt Complexes
241(2)
Complexes with Salts of Aromatic and Heterocyclic Anions
243(5)
Mixed Electronic--Ionic Conductivity
248(1)
New Directions in Polymer Electrolytes
249(1)
Some Elementary Considerations of Ion Mobility in Polymer Systems
250(3)
Towards Practical Low-Dimensional Systems with Supramolecular Organization
253(1)
The Structure of the Low-Dimensional Amphiphilic Complexes
254(8)
Ionic Conductivity of Low-Dimensional Complexes
262(6)
Further Developments in Low-Dimensional Polymer Electrolytes
268(5)
Acknowledgements
269(1)
References
270(3)
Organic Photochromism: Spiro Compounds as Functional Molecules
273(22)
M.P. Srinivasan
Introduction
273(1)
Photochromism
274(1)
Structure and Behaviour of Spiro Compounds
275(2)
Photochromism in Molecular Engineering
277(1)
Organization in Spiro Photochromes
278(3)
Orientation in Spiro Photochromes
281(3)
Effect of the Environment
284(2)
Adsorbed and Complexed Photochromes
286(1)
Applications
287(3)
Conclusions
290(5)
Acknowledgements
290(1)
References
291(4)
Organic Second-Order Non-Linear Optical Materials
295(32)
P. Skabara
Introduction
295(1)
Fundamentals of Non-Linear Optics
296(27)
Basic Principles
296(1)
Consideration of Non-Linearity at the Microscopic and Macroscopic Levels
297(1)
Devices
298(1)
Pockels Effect
299(1)
Second-Harmonic Generation
299(1)
Frequency Dependence of the First Molecular Hyperpolarizability
300(1)
Techniques for Measuring Second-Order Non-Linear Optical Activity
301(2)
Requirements for Second-Order Non-Linear Optical Activity
303(2)
Strategies for Improving Second-Order Non-Linear Optical Activity
305(4)
Recent Advances in the Design of New Materials for Non-Linear Optics
309(14)
Conclusions
323(4)
References
324(3)
Third-Order Effects and Applications
327(38)
F. Kajzar
J.M. Nunzi
Introduction
327(2)
Classification of Third-Order Processes
329(8)
Conventions
329(1)
Resonant Conditions for Third-Order Non-Linearities
330(7)
Four-Wave Mixing Processes
337(6)
Non-Linear Refractive Index
337(4)
Two-Photon Absorption
341(2)
Experimental Techniques
343(8)
Single-Beam Experiments
343(4)
Pump-Probe Experiments
347(4)
Four-Wave Mixing Experiments
351(1)
Materials
351(4)
Conjugated Polymers
351(1)
Functionalized Polymers
352(1)
Importance of Order
352(3)
Applications
355(4)
Guided-Wave Mode
355(1)
Free-Wave Mode
356(3)
Conclusions
359(6)
References
360(5)
Organic Electroluminescence
365(30)
A.J. Hudson
M.S. Weaver
Introduction
365(1)
Historical Perspective
366(2)
Device Issues
368(6)
Anode
369(1)
Organic Materials
369(1)
Cathode
370(1)
Device Operation
370(1)
Device Fabrication
371(3)
Charge-Transport Materials
374(2)
Improved Hole-Transport Materials
374(1)
Improved Electron-Transport Materials
375(1)
Efficient Electron Transport in Polymer Devices
376(1)
Emitter Materials
376(5)
Structural Modification
377(2)
Doping
379(1)
Pure Emission
380(1)
Improved Efficiency and Lifetimes
381(4)
Improved Efficiency through Doping
382(1)
Improved Efficiency with Triplet Emission
383(2)
Display Devices
385(3)
Passive Addressing Schemes
385(1)
Active Addressing Schemes
385(2)
Full-Colour Displays
387(1)
Future Developments
388(2)
Summary
390(5)
References
390(5)
Index 395

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