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9783540436973

How Landscapes Change

by ; ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9783540436973

  • ISBN10:

    3540436979

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2003-01-01
  • Publisher: Springer Verlag
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Summary

North and South America share similar human and ecological histories and, increasingly, economic and social linkages. As such, issues of ecosystem functions and disruptions form a common thread among these cultures. This volume synthesizes the perspectives of several disciplines, such as ecology, anthropology, economy, and conservation biology. The chief goal is to gain an understanding of how human and ecological processes interact to affect ecosystem functions and species in the Americas. Throughout the text the emphasis is placed on habitat fragmentation. At the same time, the book provides an overview of current theory, methods, and approaches used in the analysis of ecosystem disruptions and fragmentation.

Table of Contents

Introduction 1(1)
G.A. Bradshaw
P.A. Marquet
Background
1(1)
Why the Americas?
2(1)
Why Ecosystem Fragmentation?
3(4)
References
4(3)
Part I Causes and Processes of Landscape Fragmentation
Biodiversity and Human Intervention During the Last 11,000 Years in North-Central Chile
7(12)
L. Nunez
M. Grosjean
Introduction
7(1)
Principal Phases of Human-Environment Interaction in North-Central Chile
8(11)
Biodiversity Changes at the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition
8(3)
Camelid Domestication During the Mid-Holocene: the Rise of a New Human-Environment Interaction
11(1)
The Transition from Mid-Holocene to Modern Climate: Pastoralism and Agricultural Changes
12(1)
Changes During the Historic Period (16th-20th Centuries)
13(3)
References
16(3)
Beyond Malthus and Perverse Incentives: Economic Globalization, Forest Conversion and Habitat Fragmentation
19(14)
S.F. Siebert
Introduction
19(1)
Demographic Pressures
20(1)
Perverse Incentives and Market Failures
21(2)
Economic Globalization
23(1)
The Case of Chiapas
24(2)
Chile - The Model of Economic Liberalization
26(1)
Economic Globalization Effects on Forest Conversion and Habitat Fragmentation
27(2)
Conclusion
29(4)
References
30(3)
Forest Fragmentation and Biodiversity in Central Amazonia
33(16)
C. Gascon
W.F. Laurance
T.E. Lovejoy
Introduction
33(1)
Forest Fragmentation and Theory
33(1)
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project History and Study Sites
34(2)
Ecological Consequences of Forest Fragmentation
36(5)
Area and Insularization
36(2)
Edge Creation
38(1)
Matrix Habitat and Landscape Configuration
39(2)
Forest Fragmentation and Land Management
41(8)
References
43(6)
Climatic and Human Influences on Fire Regimes in Temperate Forest Ecosystems in North and South America
49(40)
P. Alaback
T.T. Veblen
C. Whitlock
A. Lara
T. Kitzberger
R. Villalba
Introduction
49(2)
Overview of Climate
51(4)
Lightning
53(1)
Vegetation Patterns
54(1)
Relation of Climate to Fire Regimes
55(9)
General Patterns
55(2)
Overview of Fire Disturbance Patterns in Western North America
57(2)
Yellowstone Region
59(2)
Colorado Front Range
61(1)
Current State of Knowledge for Northern Patagonia
62(2)
Anthropogenic Influences on Fire Regimes -- Land Use and Fire Regimes in the Rocky Mountain Region and Northern Patagonia
64(7)
Native American Period
65(3)
The Euro-American Settlement Phase
68(1)
Modern Land-Use Period
69(2)
Effects of Fire on Landscape Patterns
71(1)
Summary
72(1)
Research Needs
73(16)
References
79(10)
Natural Versus Anthropogenic Sources of Amazonian Biodiversity: the Continuing Quest for El Dorado
89(22)
B.J. Meggers
Introduction
89(1)
Significant Characteristics of the Amazonian Environment
90(1)
Evidence for Dense Pre-Columbian Populations
91(11)
Botanical Evidence
91(2)
Ethnohistorical Evidence
93(3)
Archeological Evidence
96(1)
Earthworks
96(2)
Habitation Sites
98(1)
Ethnographic Evidence
99(3)
Conclusions
102(9)
References
103(8)
Part II Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Fragmentation
Bees Not to Be? Responses of Insect Pollinator Faunas and Flower Pollination to Habitat Fragmentation
111(20)
M.A. Aizen
P. Feinsinger
Introduction
111(1)
Patterns of Change in Pollinator Faunas Due to Habitat Fragmentation
112(3)
Mechanisms and Processes Behind Changes in Pollinator Faunas
115(2)
Scale Considerations
117(2)
Pollination and Habitat Fragmentation
119(3)
Concluding Remarks and Research Needs
122(9)
References
124(7)
Implications of Evolutionary and Ecological Dynamics to the Genetic Analysis of Fragmentation
131(14)
L. Joseph
M. Cunningham
S. Sarre
Introduction
131(1)
Post-Fragmentation. A Comparison of Fragmentation Genetics in the Western Australian Wheat Belt and the Rainforests of the Wet Tropics
132(6)
Study Areas
132(1)
Study Species
133(1)
Methodology
134(1)
Results
135(3)
Pre-Fragmentation. An Alternative Perspective on Genetic Structure of Natural Populations
138(3)
Three Sympatric Amazonian Rodents: Contrasting Genetic Structures
139(1)
Yellow-Footed Rock Wallabies: a Naturally Patchily Distributed Species
140(1)
Eucalyptus argutifolia: Clonal Reproduction and Fragmentation
140(1)
A Final Theoretical Consideration
141(1)
Conclusion
142(3)
References
143(2)
Forest Fragmentation, Plant Regeneration and Invasion Processes Across Edges in Central Chile
145(16)
R.O. Bustamante
I.A. Serey
S.T.A. Pickett
Introduction
145(1)
Edge Effect and the Invasion of Pinus radiata into Temperate Forests of Central Chile
146(3)
Results
149(1)
Discussion
150(1)
A Graphic Model
151(3)
Model Application
154(2)
Recruitment of Native Trees
154(1)
Recruitment of Monterrey Pine
155(1)
General Conclusions
156(1)
Appendix
157(4)
References
158(3)
The Ecological Consequences of a Fragmentation-Mediated Invasion: The Argentine Ant, Linepithema humile, in Southern California
161(22)
A.V. Suarez
T.J. Case
Introduction
161(2)
Methods
163(4)
Ant Communities of Coastal Scrub Fragments in Southern California
163(2)
The Effects of Argentine Ants on Coastal Horned Lizard Diet
165(2)
Results
167(7)
Ant Communities of Coastal Scrub Fragments in Southern California
167(5)
The Effects of Argentine Ants on Coastal Horned Lizard Diet
172(2)
Discussion
174(3)
Local Extinction of Native Ground-Foraging Ants
174(2)
Diet and Prey Preference in Coastal Horned Lizards
176(1)
Conclusions and Implications for Reserve Management
177(6)
References
178(5)
Part III Ecosystem Fragmentation: Theory, Methods, and Implications for Conservation
A Review and Synthesis of Conceptual Frameworks for the Study of Forest Fragmentation
183(18)
G.H. Kattan
C. Murcia
Introduction
183(2)
Evolution of Studies on the Effects of Forest Fragmentation: Empirical Evidence and Conceptual Frameworks
185(3)
A Comprehensive Framework
188(7)
The Process of Fragmentation
188(2)
Effects of Fragmentation on Animal Populations
190(5)
Framing the Evidence
195(6)
References
197(4)
Reflections on Landscape Experiments and Ecological Theory: Tools for the Study of Habitat Fragmentation
201(24)
R.D. Holt
D.M. Debinski
Introduction
201(2)
Theoretical Context
203(5)
Area Effects
203(1)
Dispersal Effects
204(1)
Heterogeneous Landscape Effects
205(1)
Interspecific Interaction and Food Web Effects
206(2)
What Is a Fragmentation Experiment?
208(1)
Why Do Experiments on Fragmentation?
208(2)
A Global Survey of Fragmentation Experiments
210(2)
A Case Study: The Kansas Experimentally Fragmented Landscape
212(3)
Core Findings, 1985-1990
214(1)
Core Findings, 1991-Present
214(1)
Limitations in Experimental Fragmentation Studies
215(2)
Conclusions
217(8)
References
218(7)
Spatial Autocorrelation, Dispersal and the Maintenance of Source-Sink Populations
225(14)
T.H. Keitt
Introduction
225(1)
Spatial Autocorrelation
226(1)
Models and Methods
227(4)
Population Processes
227(1)
Landscape Model
228(2)
Dispersal Model
230(1)
Modeling Scenarios
231(1)
Results and Discussion
231(2)
Management Implications
233(1)
Appendix A: Mathematical Models
234(3)
Fractal Landscapes
234(1)
Stochastic Landscape Networks
235(2)
Appendix B: Statistical Analysis and Results
237(2)
References
238(1)
Patch Dynamics, Habitat Degradation and Space in Metapopulations
239(16)
P.A. Marquet
J.X. Velasco-Hernandez
J.E. Keymer
Introduction
239(1)
Levins' Original Model
240(1)
Incorporating Patch Dynamics and Habitat Degradation (Model 2)
241(2)
The Invasion Threshold
243(1)
The Threshold Parameter in Levins' Metapopulation Model
244(1)
Threshold Parameters for Model 2
244(3)
A Spatially Explicit Metapopulation Model
247(2)
Spatial Habitat Dynamics
249(2)
The Interaction Between Metapopulation Dynamics and Habitat Dynamics
251(4)
References
253(2)
How Much Functional Redundancy Is Out There, or, Are We Willing to Do Away with Potential Backup Species?
255(8)
F.M. Jaksic
The Issue
255(1)
Soft Evidence for Redundancy
255(1)
Somewhat Harder Evidence for Redundancy
256(3)
How Will We Know What Is Redundant?
259(1)
What If Backup Species Are Necessary for Ecosystem Persistence?
260(3)
References
261(2)
Predicting Distributions of South American Migrant Birds in Fragmented Environments: A Possible Approach Based on Climate
263(22)
L. Joseph
Introduction
263(2)
Methods
265(7)
Results
272(6)
Sterna maxima
272(2)
Colorhamphus parvirostris
274(1)
Serpophaga griseiceps
274(1)
Myiarchus swainsoni swainsoni and Myiarchus swainsoni ferocior
275(1)
Elaenia strepera
275(1)
Elaenia chiriquensis albivertex
275(1)
Sporophila lineola
276(1)
Elaenia albiceps chilensis
276(2)
Discussion
278(7)
References
281(4)
Habitat Heterogeneity on a Forest-Savanna Ecotone in Noel Kempff Mercado National Park (Santa Cruz, Bolivia): Implications for the Long-Term Conservation of Biodiversity in a Changing Climate
285(28)
T.J. Killeen
T.M. Siles
T. Grimwood
L.L. Tieszen
M.K. Steininger
C.J. Tucker
S. Panfil
Introduction
285(6)
Climatic Stress
291(1)
Geomorphology
292(5)
Fire
297(2)
Flooding
299(1)
Succession on the Savanna-Forest Interface
300(2)
Direct Evidence for Past Climate Change
302(6)
Conservation Issues
308(5)
References
310(3)
Bandages for Wounded Landscapes: Faunal Corridors and Their Role in Wildlife Conservation in the Americas
313(14)
S.G.W. Laurance
W.F. Laurance
Introduction
313(1)
Considerations in Corridor Design
314(4)
Corridor Width
314(2)
Corridor Length
316(1)
Faunal Stepping Stones
317(1)
Primary Versus Secondary Habitat
317(1)
Topographic Position
317(1)
Nonterrestrial Corridors
318(1)
Design and Management of Faunal Corridors
318(9)
Conclusions About Corridor Effectiveness
318(1)
Guidelines and Principles for Corridor Design
319(1)
Proactive Landscape Management
320(1)
References
321(6)
Management of the Semi-Natural Matrix
327(18)
J.H. Brown
C.G. Curtin
R.W. Braithwaite
Introduction
327(1)
Definition
327(2)
Land Area and Use
329(1)
Role in Conservation
330(1)
Case Study: Temperate Ecosystems - Conflicts Between Traditional Conservation Goals and Management of the Matrix
331(5)
Management Goals and Methods
336(2)
Priorities
338(1)
Concluding Remarks
339(6)
References
340(5)
Human Disturbance and Ecosystem Fragmentation in the Americas Synthesis and Final Reflections
345(10)
P.A. Marquet
G.A. Bradshaw
How Landscapes Change: The Need of a Framework for Understanding
345(3)
Humans and Landscape Changes in the Americas: A Plea for Integration
348(2)
Fragmentation in the Americas: On the Road to Ecosystem Disruption?
350(1)
What to do next
351(4)
References
352(3)
Subject Index 355

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