Introduction to Hazardous Waste Incineration, Second Edition The control of hazardous wastes is one of today's most critical environmental issues. Increasing numbers of engineers, technicians, and maintenance personnel are being confronted with problems in this important area. Incineration has become an available and vital option to meet the new challenge of containing hazardous wastes. Introduction to Hazardous Waste Incineration, Second Edition provides a reference work that examines the basic concepts, principles, equipment, and applications pertaining to hazardous waste incineration. Uniquely serving as both an essential guidebook for practicing engineers and a text for engineering students, this new edition contains updated information in the area of standards and regulations, equipment, materials handling equipment, instrumentation, control performance testing, final permit, and facility design. The authors' aim is to offer the reader the fundamentals of incineration with appropriate practical application to the incineration of wastes, in addition to providing an introduction to the specialized literature in this and related areas. Complete with illustrative examples, this informative Second Edition highlights: * Recent history of standards and regulations, including the recently enacted MACT Standards for hazardous waste combustion * Incineration principles, including stoichiometric calculations, and thermochemical considerations * Equipment that may be found in a waste incineration facility (i.e., incinerator, waste heat boiler, quench systems, and air pollution control equipment) * Design principles and their application to a hazardous waste incineration facility * Practice problems at the end of each technical chapter Introduction to Hazardous Waste Incineration, Second Edition offers chemical and environmental engineers working in the hazardous waste control area, as well as technicians and maintenance professionals, the necessary literature to cope with some of the complex problems encountered in waste incineration today.

JOSEPH J. SANTOLERI, PE, is an environmental consultant based in Berwyn, Pennsylvania. <p> JOSEPH REYNOLDS, PhD, is a professor in the Chemical Engineering Department, Manhattan College, Bronx, New York. <p> LOUIS THEODORE, PhD, is a professor in the Chemical Engineering Department, Manhattan College, Bronx, New York.

Preface

vii

PART I THE HAZARDOUS WASTE PROBLEM

1

(130)

Hazardous Waste Incineration Overview

3

(20)

Introduction

3

(3)

Historical Background

6

(5)

Today's Problem

11

(2)

Socioeconomic Concerns

13

(2)

Waste Characterization

15

(3)

The Need to Incinerate

18

(5)

References

20

(3)

Other Options

23

(50)

Introduction

23

(1)

Chemical Treatment

24

(7)

Biological Treatment

31

(4)

Physical Treatment

35

(16)

Ultimate Disposal

51

(8)

Process Modification/Pollution Prevention

59

(3)

The Selection of Hazardous Waste Treatment Processes

62

(11)

References

71

(2)

Standards and Regulations

73

(58)

Introduction

73

(1)

Early Legislation

74

(2)

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976

76

(4)

Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984

80

(5)

Permit Process

85

(10)

EPA Guidance Manuals

95

(1)

Boiler and Industrial Furnace (BIF) Regulations

96

(6)

EPA Hazardous Waste Reduction and Combustion Strategy

102

(1)

Combustion Emissions Technical Resource Document

103

(6)

Hazardous Waste Combustor Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Standards for Hazardous Waste Incinerators, Cement Kilns, and Lightweight Aggregate Kilns

109

(9)

Future of Incineration

118

(1)

Illustrative Examples

118

(13)

Problems

126

(2)

References

128

(3)

PART II INCINERATION PRINCIPLES

131

(172)

Basic Concepts

133

(38)

Introduction

133

(1)

Fundamentals of Measurement

133

(5)

Chemical and Physical Properties

138

(12)

Ideal Gas Law

150

(5)

Phase Equilibrium

155

(5)

Illustrative Examples

160

(11)

Problems

169

(1)

References

170

(1)

Stoichiometric and Thermodynamic Considerations

171

(58)

Introduction

171

(1)

Conservation Laws

171

(7)

Stoichiometry

178

(9)

Thermochemistry

187

(9)

Chemical Reaction Equilibrium

196

(6)

Chemical Kinetics

202

(8)

Illustrative Examples

210

(19)

Problems

225

(2)

References

227

(2)

Thermochemical Applications

229

(74)

Introduction

229

(1)

Fuel Options

229

(8)

Stoichiometric Calculations

237

(16)

Thermochemical Calculations

253

(10)

Application of Chemical Reaction Principles

263

(12)

Illustrative Examples

275

(28)

Problems

300

(2)

References

302

(1)

PART III EQUIPMENT

303

(222)

Hazardous Waste Combustors

305

(78)

Introduction

305

(1)

Liquid Injection Incineration

306

(18)

Rotary Kiln Incineration

324

(15)

Other Methods

339

(13)

Co-incineration

352

(14)

Thermal Treatment of Superfund Soil

366

(3)

Emerging Technologies

369

(3)

Illustrative Examples

372

(11)

Problems

379

(1)

References

379

(4)

Waste Heat Boilers

383

(24)

Introduction

383

(1)

Fundamentals of Heat Transfer

383

(12)

Operation of Waste Heat Boilers

395

(1)

Design of Waste Heat Boilers

396

(3)

Illustrative Examples

399

(8)

Problems

404

(1)

References

405

(2)

Quenchers

407

(26)

Introduction

407

(1)

Dilution with Ambient Air

408

(1)

Quenching with Liquids

409

(8)

Contact with High Heat Capacity Solids

417

(1)

Natural Convection and Radiation

417

(3)

Forced-Draft Cooling

420

(2)

Illustrative Examples

422

(11)

Problems

431

(1)

References

432

(1)

Air Pollution Control Equipment

433

(62)

Introduction

433

(4)

Wet Scrubbers

437

(21)

Dry Scrubber Systems

458

(12)

Wet-Dry Scrubber Systems

470

(6)

Illustrative Examples

476

(19)

Problems

490

(3)

References

493

(2)

Materials Handling and Ancillary Equipment

495

(30)

Introduction

495

(1)

Waste Storage

496

(3)

Feed Systems

499

(2)

Ash Handling Systems

501

(1)

Pipes, Ducts, Fittings, and Valves

502

(3)

Fans, Pumps, and Compressors

505

(12)

Stacks

517

(1)

Illustrative Examples

518

(7)

Problems

521

(1)

References

522

(3)

PART IV FACILITY DESIGN

525

(68)

Design Principles

527

(14)

Introduction

527

(1)

Preliminary Studies

528

(1)

Process Schematics

529

(3)

Material and Energy Balances

532

(2)

Equipment and Process Design

534

(3)

Instrumentation and Controls

537

(4)

References

540

(1)

Economic Considerations

541

(22)

Introduction

541

(1)

Capital Costs

542

(6)

Operating Costs

548

(1)

Project Evaluation

549

(3)

Perturbation Studies in Optimization

552

(1)

Illustrative Examples

553

(10)

Problems

560

(1)

References

561

(2)

Design of a Hazardous Waste Incineration Facility

563

(30)

Introduction

563

(1)

Illustrative Design Problem I

563

(14)

Illustrative Design Problem II

577

(16)

Problems

590

(2)

References

592

(1)

Appendix A HWI Software Package

593

(30)

A.1 Introductory Comments

593

(1)

A.2 Getting Started

594

(1)

A.3 The Program HWITRL

595

(4)

A.4 The Program HWI

599

(19)

A.5 The Program HWIF

618

(5)

Appendix B Metric and SI Systems

623

(4)

B.1 Metric System

623

(1)

B.2 SI System

624

(3)

Index

627

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Introduction to Hazardous Waste Incineration

9780471017905

0471017906

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