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9780471479437

Construction Dewatering and Groundwater Control New Methods and Applications

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  • ISBN13:

    9780471479437

  • ISBN10:

    0471479438

  • Edition: 3rd
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2007-05-04
  • Publisher: Wiley

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Summary

The most up-to-date guide to construction dewatering and groundwater control In the past dozen years, the methods of analyzing and treating groundwater conditions have vastly improved. The Third Edition of Construction Dewatering and Groundwater Control, reflecting the most current technology and practices, is a timely and much-needed overview of this rapidly changing field. Illustrated with hundreds of new figures and photographs and including numerous detailed case histories, the Third Edition of Construction Dewatering and Groundwater Control is a comprehensive and valuable reference for both students and practicing engineers alike. Drawing on real-world experience, the authors lead the reader through all facets of the theory and practice of this fascinating and often complex engineering discipline. Discussion includes: Dozens of case histories demonstrating various groundwater control practices and lessons learned in groundwater control and work performed Detailed methods of controlling groundwater by use of conventional dewatering methods as well as vertical barrier, grouted cutoff, and frozen ground techniques Contracting practices and conflict resolution methods that will help minimize disputes Alternatives and effective practices for handling and treating contaminated groundwater Innovations in equipment and materials that improve the performance and efficiency of groundwater control systems Practices and procedures for success in artificial recharge Groundwater modeling to simulate and plan dewatering projects Inclusion of dual U.S. customary and metric units throughout Construction Dewatering and Groundwater Control is an indispensable tool for all engineering and construction professionals searching for the most up-to-date coverage of groundwater control for various purposes, the modern ways to identify and analyze site-specific situations, and the modern tools available to control them.

Author Biography

J. Patrick Powers is a consultant with Mueser Rutledge Consulting Engineers in New York, New York. Arthur B. Corwin is President of Moretrench in Rockaway, New Jersey. Paul C. Schmall is Vice President and Chief Engineer of Moretrench. Walter E. Kaeck is a Senior Associate with Mueser Rutledge Consulting Engineers.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Third Editionp. xiii
About the Authorsp. xv
Acknowledgementsp. xvii
Theoryp. 1
Groundwater in Constructionp. 3
Groundwater in the Hydrologic Cyclep. 3
Origins of Dewateringp. 6
Development of Modern Dewatering Technologyp. 6
The Geology of Soilsp. 10
Geologic Time Framep. 11
Formation of Soilsp. 11
Mineral Composition of Soilsp. 11
Riversp. 12
Lakesp. 12
Estuariesp. 14
Beachesp. 14
Wind Depositsp. 14
Glaciers-The Pleistocene Epochp. 14
Rockp. 16
Limestone and Coralp. 17
Tectonic Movementsp. 19
Man-made Groundp. 19
Soils and Waterp. 22
Soil Structurep. 22
Gradation of Soilsp. 22
Porosity, Void Ratio, and Water Contentp. 26
Relative Density, Specific Gravity, and Unit Weightp. 26
Capillarity and Unsaturated Flowp. 27
Specific Yield and Specific Retentionp. 27
Hydraulic Conductivityp. 29
Plasticity and Cohesion of Silts and Claysp. 35
Unified Soil Classification System (ASTM D-2487)p. 35
Soil Descriptionsp. 39
Visual and Manual Classification of Soilsp. 40
Seepage Forces and Soil Stressp. 42
Gravity Drainage of Granular Soilsp. 43
Drainage of Fine-grained Soils: Pore Pressure Controlp. 44
Settlement as a Result of Dewateringp. 46
Preconsolidationp. 48
Other Side Effects of Dewateringp. 50
Hydrology of the Ideal Aquiferp. 52
Definition of the Ideal Aquiferp. 52
Transmissivity Tp. 53
Storage Coefficient C[subscript s] and Specific Yieldp. 53
Pumping from a Confined Aquiferp. 55
Recovery Calculationsp. 56
The Unconfined or Water Table Aquiterp. 57
Specific Capacityp. 58
Characteristics of Natural Aquifersp. 61
Anisotropy: Stratified Soilsp. 61
Horizontal Variabilityp. 64
Recharge Boundaries: Radius of Influence R[subscript 0]p. 64
Barrier Boundariesp. 65
Delayed Release from Storagep. 65
Dewatering Design Using Analytical Methodsp. 66
Radial Flow to a Well in a Confined Aquiferp. 66
Radial Flow to a Well in a Water Table Aquiferp. 68
Radial Flow to a Well in a Mixed Aquiferp. 69
Flow to a Drainage Trench from a Line Sourcep. 69
The System as a Well: Equivalent Radius r[subscript s]p. 70
Radius of Influence R[subscript 0]p. 71
Hydraulic Conductivity K and Transmissivity Tp. 71
Initial Head H and Final Head hp. 72
Partial Penetrationp. 72
Storage Depletionp. 73
Specific Capacity of the Aquiferp. 75
Cumulative Drawdown or Superpositionp. 76
Capacity of the Well Q[subscript w]p. 77
Flow Net Analysis and the Method of Fragmentsp. 79
Concentric Dewatering Systemsp. 80
Vertical Flowp. 81
Gravel Tremiep. 82
Groundwater Modeling Using Numerical Methodsp. 84
Models in Dewatering Practicep. 84
When to Consider a Numerical Modelp. 87
Principal Steps in Model Design and Applicationp. 90
The Conceptual Model: Defining the Problem to Be Modeledp. 90
Selecting the Programp. 91
Introduction to MODFLOWp. 91
Verificationp. 94
Calibrationp. 94
Prediction and Parametric Analysesp. 95
Some Practical Modeling Problemsp. 95
2-D Model: Well System in a Water Table Aquiferp. 95
Calibrating the Modelp. 97
3-D Model: Partial Penetrationp. 98
3-D Model: Vertical Flowp. 101
3-D Model: Transient Analysis of a Progressive Trench Excavationp. 102
Piezometers for Groundwater Measurement and Monitoringp. 111
Subsurface Conditionsp. 111
Ordinary Piezometers and True Piezometersp. 111
Piezometer Constructionp. 113
Verification of Piezometer Performancep. 115
Obtaining Data from Piezometersp. 115
Pore Pressure Piezometers in Fine-grained Soilsp. 117
Direct Push Technologies for Piezometer Installationp. 118
Pumping Testsp. 121
When a Pumping Test Is Advisablep. 121
Planning the Pumping Testp. 122
Design of the Pumping Wellp. 122
Piezometer Arrayp. 125
Duration of Drawdown and Recoveryp. 126
Pumping Ratep. 128
Monitoring the Pumping Testp. 128
Analysis of Pumping Test Datap. 129
Tidal Correctionsp. 132
Well Lossp. 134
Step Drawdown Testsp. 136
Testing of Low-yield Wellsp. 137
Delayed Storage Release: Boulton Analysisp. 138
Surface Hydrologyp. 141
Lakes and Reservoirsp. 141
Bays and Ocean Beachesp. 141
Riversp. 141
Precipitationp. 144
Disposal of Dewatering Dischargep. 145
Water from Existing Structuresp. 150
Geotechnical Investigation for Dewateringp. 152
Investigation Approach and Objectivesp. 152
Preliminary Studies and Investigationsp. 153
Boringsp. 154
In Situ Test Methodsp. 164
Piezometers and Observation Wellsp. 167
Borehole Seepage Tests for Evaluation of Hydraulic Conductivityp. 169
Laboratory Analysis of Samplesp. 178
Chemical Testing of Groundwaterp. 180
Geophysical Methodsp. 180
Pumping Testsp. 181
Permanent Effect of Structures on the Groundwater Bodyp. 181
Investigation of the Potential Side Effects of Dewateringp. 182
Presentation in the Bidding Documentsp. 183
Pump Theoryp. 185
Types of Pumps Used in Dewateringp. 185
Total Dynamic Headp. 189
Pump Performance Curvesp. 189
Vacuum Pumpsp. 190
Air Lift Pumpingp. 192
Testing of Pumpsp. 193
Groundwater Chemistry, Bacteriology, and Fouling of Dewatering Systemsp. 195
Types of Corrosionp. 195
Corrosive Groundwater Conditionsp. 196
Dewatering in Corrosive Groundwater Conditionsp. 198
Incrustationp. 198
Mineral Incrustationp. 199
Biological Incrustationp. 200
Dewatering Systems and Incrustationp. 205
Field Evaluation of Well Foulingp. 208
Rehabilitation and Maintenancep. 209
Analysis of Groundwaterp. 215
Contaminated Groundwaterp. 222
Contaminants Frequently Encounteredp. 222
Design Options at a Contaminated Sitep. 223
Estimating Water Quantity to Be Treatedp. 225
Other Considerations in Treatment Designp. 225
Elements of Groundwater Treatmentp. 226
Recovery of Contaminated Water with Dewatering Techniquesp. 229
Dynamic Barriersp. 232
Wellpoint Systems and Multiphase Contaminantsp. 232
Reinjectionp. 233
Health and Safetyp. 234
Regulating Authoritiesp. 234
Piping Systemsp. 238
Dewatering Pipe and Fittingsp. 238
Losses in Discharge Pipingp. 241
Losses in Wellpoint Header Linesp. 241
Losses in Ejector Headersp. 243
Water Hammerp. 243
Practicep. 245
Choosing a Method of Groundwater Controlp. 247
To Pump or Not to Pumpp. 247
Open Pumping Versus Predrainagep. 247
Methods of Predrainagep. 250
Methods of Cutoff and Exclusionp. 253
Methods in Combinationp. 253
Sumps, Drains, and Open Pumpingp. 259
Soil and Water Conditionsp. 259
Boils and Blowsp. 259
Construction of Sumpsp. 260
Ditches and Drainsp. 261
Gravel Beddingp. 261
Slope Stabilization with Sandbags, Gravel, and Geotextilesp. 262
Use of Geotextilesp. 262
Soldier Piles and Lagging: Standup Timep. 263
Longterm Effect of Buried Drainsp. 264
Leaking Utilitiesp. 264
Battered Wellpointsp. 265
Horizontal Wellpointsp. 265
Deep Well Systemsp. 267
Testing During Well Constructionp. 267
Well Installation and Construction Methodsp. 267
Wellscreen and Casingp. 279
Filter Packsp. 285
Development of Wellsp. 291
Well Construction Detailsp. 295
Pressure Relief Wells, Vacuum Wellsp. 300
Wells That Pump Sandp. 300
Systems of Low-capacity Wellsp. 304
Wellpoint Systemsp. 307
Suction Liftsp. 307
Single and Multistage Systemsp. 310
Wellpoint Designp. 310
Wellpoint Spacingp. 313
Wellpoint Depthp. 315
Installation of Wellpointsp. 318
Filter Sandsp. 320
Wellpoint Pumps, Header, and Discharge Pipingp. 321
Tuning Wellpoint Systemsp. 323
Air/Water Separationp. 326
Automatic Mopsp. 326
Vertical Wellpoint Pumpsp. 326
Wellpoints for Stabilization of Fine-grained Soilsp. 329
Wellpoint Systems for Trench Workp. 331
Ejector Systems and Other Methodsp. 336
Two-pipe and Single-pipe Ejectorsp. 336
Ejector Pumping Stationsp. 338
Ejector Efficiencyp. 339
Design of Nozzles and Venturisp. 340
Ejector Risers and Swingsp. 344
Ejector Headersp. 344
Ejector Installationp. 345
Ejectors and Groundwater Qualityp. 345
Ejectors and Soil Stabilizationp. 349
Drilled Horizontal Wellsp. 349
Trencher Drainsp. 355
Groundwater Cutoff Structuresp. 358
Cutoff Terminology and Efficiencyp. 358
Steel Sheet Pilingp. 358
Slurry Trenchesp. 367
Slurry Diaphragm Wallsp. 379
Secant Pilesp. 390
Deep Soil Mixingp. 398
Tremie Sealsp. 405
Grouting Methodsp. 410
Permeation Groutingp. 410
Jet Groutingp. 439
Rock Curtain Groutingp. 456
Grouting of Structures and Flowpathsp. 474
Dewatering and Groundwater Control for Soft Ground Tunnelingp. 491
Soft Ground Tunneling Methods with Conventional Dewateringp. 491
Ground Behaviorp. 495
Mixed-face Ground Conditionsp. 497
Dewatering Design for Tunnelsp. 497
Methods of Tunnel Predrainagep. 499
Tunneling Techniques with Built-in Groundwater Controlp. 500
Compressed Air Tunnelingp. 504
Dewatering of Access Shafts, Penetrations, and Starter Tunnelsp. 505
Ground Freezingp. 508
General Principlesp. 508
Freezing Applicationsp. 509
Freezing Methods and Equipmentp. 515
Ground Freezing and Soilsp. 528
Designp. 533
Effect of Groundwater Movementp. 534
Ground Movement Potential as a Result of Artificial Freezingp. 534
Artificial Rechargep. 539
Recharge Applicationsp. 539
Design Objectivesp. 540
Potential Problems with Recharge Water and Plugging of Wellsp. 541
Sources of Recharge Waterp. 543
Treatment of Recharge Waterp. 544
Construction of Recharge Systemsp. 545
Operation and Maintenance of Recharge Systemsp. 550
Permits for Recharge Operationsp. 550
Electrical Design for Dewatering Systemsp. 556
Electrical Motorsp. 556
Motor Controlsp. 561
Power Factorp. 564
Electric Generatorsp. 564
Switchgear and Distribution Systemsp. 566
Grounding of Electrical Circuitsp. 570
Cost of Electrical Energyp. 570
Long-term Dewatering Systemsp. 572
Types of Long-term Systemsp. 572
Access for Maintenancep. 572
Instrumentation and Controlsp. 575
Dewatering Costsp. 577
Format of the Estimatep. 577
Basic Cost Datap. 577
Mobilizationp. 578
Installation and Removalp. 578
Operation and Maintenancep. 579
Summaryp. 581
Specialty Dewatering Subcontractor Quotationsp. 581
Dewatering Specifications, Allocation of Risk, Dispute Avoidance, and Resolution of Disputesp. 584
Performance Specificationsp. 585
Owner-designed Dewatering Systemsp. 586
Specified Minimum Systemsp. 586
Dewatering Submittalsp. 586
Third-party Damage Caused by Dewateringp. 587
Differing Site Conditionsp. 588
Disputes Review Boardp. 595
p. 597
p. 603
p. 620
Indexp. 623
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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