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9780471179429

Modern Analytical Methodologies in Fat- and Water-Soluble Vitamins

by ; ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780471179429

  • ISBN10:

    0471179426

  • Edition: 1st
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2000-03-27
  • Publisher: Wiley-Interscience
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Summary

This self-contained book provides modern and practical analytical methodologies for the assays in foods, pharmaceuticals and clinical samples. It covers the fat-soluble Vitamins: A, beta-carotene, D, E and K as well as the water soluble vitamins, C, folate, thiamin, biotin, pyridoxin and cyancobalims.

Author Biography

Won O. Song and Gary R. Beecher are the authors of Modern Analytical Methodologies in Fat- and Water-Soluble Vitamins, published by Wiley.

Table of Contents

Contributors xv
Preface xvii
Cumulative Listing of Volumes in Series xix
PART 1 FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Vitamin A
3(48)
Thomas Arnhold
Heinz Nau
Ralph Ruehl
Introduction
3(4)
Sample Collection, Handling, and Storage
7(1)
Sample Preparation
8(7)
General principles
8(1)
Precipitation, Dilution, and Solvent Extraction
9(2)
Saponification
11(1)
Enzymatic Reactions
12(1)
Solid-Phase Extraction
13(1)
Sample Preparation Coupled On-Line to HPLC
13(2)
Reference Standards
15(1)
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
16(18)
General Considerations
16(3)
Determination of Total Vitamin A
19(1)
Separation of Geometric isomers
20(6)
Separation of Retinoid Classes According to Their Polarity
26(5)
Vitamin A, Vitamin E, and Carotenoids
31(3)
Other Liquid Chromatographic Methods
34(1)
Microbore-LC
34(1)
HPLC of Retinol Bound to RBP
35(1)
Gas Chromatography
35(1)
Capillary Electrophoresis
36(3)
Bioassays
39(12)
References
39(12)
Vitamin D
51(30)
Micheal F. Holick
Origins of Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3
51(3)
Metabolism and Biologic Functions of Vitamin D
54(1)
Measurement of Vitamin D Bioactivity
55(1)
Modern Methods for Determining the Vitamin D Content in Blood
55(1)
Strategies for Determining Circulating Concentrations of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D
56(10)
Strategies for Determining Circulating Concentrations of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
66(7)
Measurement of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and 25,26-Dihydroxyvitamin D
73(1)
Clinical Utility for Assays for Vitamin D and its Metabolities
74(2)
Vitamin D
74(1)
25-Hydroxyvitamin D
74(1)
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
75(1)
Other Metabolities
76(1)
Conclusion
76(5)
References
77(4)
Determination of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Foods and tissues
81(48)
Vieno I. Piironen
Introduction
81(1)
Vitamin E Compounds in Foods and tissues
82(3)
Structure and Nomenclature
82(2)
Significance of Different Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Foods and Tissues
84(1)
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
85(27)
Sample Preparation
85(6)
HPLC Separation
91(16)
Detection
107(4)
Quantification
111(1)
Gas Chromatography
112(1)
Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Chromatography
112(1)
Determination of Stereoisomers
113(1)
Future Development
114(15)
References
115(14)
Vitamin K
129(42)
Sarah L. Booth
Kenneth W. Davidson
James A. Sadowski
Gregory G. Dolnikowski
Introduction
129(4)
Determination of Phylloquinone by HPLC
133(13)
Analytical Conditions
133(3)
Extraction Methods for Biological Tissues
136(3)
Extraction Methods for Foods and Beverages
139(2)
Internal Standards
141(1)
Analytical Variation
142(2)
Factors Affecting Phylloquinone Concentrations
144(2)
Determination of Phylloquinone Metabolities and Hydrogenation Products
146(7)
Gas Chromatography--Mass Spectrometry
146(3)
Simultaneous Determination of Phylloquinone and 2',3'-Dihydro-phylloquinone
149(2)
Simultaneous Determination of Phylloquinone and Phylloquinone 2,3-Epoxide
151(2)
Determination of Menaquinones by HPLC
153(2)
Other Indicators of Vitamin K Nutritional Status
155(3)
Overview
155(1)
Urinary γ-Carboxyglutamic Acid
156(1)
PIVKA-II
157(1)
Serum Osteocalcin
157(1)
Summary
158(13)
References
160(11)
Simultaneous Determination of Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Food, Feed, and Serum
171(54)
Ronald R. Eitenmiller
W. O. Landen, Jr.
Introduction
171(1)
Simultaneous Analysis of Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Food and Feed
172(21)
Margarine and Oils
172(12)
Milk, Infant Formula, and Cheese
184(7)
Cereals
191(1)
Miscellaneous Foods
191(2)
An Integrated Approach to Fat-Soluble Vitamin Analysis of Foods
193(2)
Simultaneous Analysis of Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Serum or Plasma
195(20)
Retinol and α-Tocopherol
205(1)
Vitamin K1 and α-Tocopherol
206(1)
Simultaneous Analysis of Multiple Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Serum or Plasma
207(8)
Concluding Comments
215(10)
References
215(10)
PART 2 WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Thiamin
225(28)
Ronald R. Eitenmiller
W. O. Landen, Jr.
Introduction
225(1)
Properties
226(3)
Chemistry
226(1)
Stability
227(2)
Methodology
229(17)
Microbiological Methods for Thiamin Analysis
230(2)
Chemical Methods for Thiamin Analysis
232(2)
HPLC Methods for Analysis of Thiamin and Thiamin Phosphate Esters
234(12)
Conclusion
246(7)
References
246(7)
Riboflavin
253(38)
Ronald R. Eitenmiller
W. O. Landen, Jr.
Introduction
253(1)
Properties
254(4)
Chemistry
254(3)
Stability
257(1)
Methodology
258(20)
Microbiological Methods for Riboflavin Analysis
258(1)
Chemical Methods for Riboflavin Analysis
259(3)
HPLC Methods
262(16)
Concluding Comments
278(13)
References
283(8)
Vitamin B6
291(22)
Stephen P. Coburn
Introduction
291(1)
Processing of Standards and Samples
291(3)
Fluorometric Methods
294(1)
Enzymatic Methods
295(1)
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
295(1)
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
296(3)
Electrophoresis
299(1)
Microbiological Assay
299(2)
Immunoassay
301(1)
4-Pyridoxic Acid
301(1)
Other Metabolities
301(1)
Assessment of Vitamin B6 Status
302(2)
Conclusions
304(9)
References
305(8)
Vitamin B12
313(16)
Edward V. Quadros
Introduction
313(2)
Principle
313(2)
Cobalamin Binding Proteins
315(1)
Materials
316(1)
Reagents
316(1)
Preparation of Reagents
316(1)
Preparation of Binding Proteins
317(2)
HC as the Binding Protein
317(1)
TC as the Binding Protein
318(1)
IF as the Binding Protein
318(1)
Antibody to Cbl as the Binding Protein
318(1)
Standardization of Binding Proteins
319(1)
Extraction of Cbl from Serum or Plasma
320(1)
Extraction of Cbl from Cells or Tissues
320(1)
Assay Protocol
321(1)
General Comments on Assay Protocol
322(1)
Interpretation of results
323(6)
References
325(4)
Niacin
329(22)
Shunitz Tanaka
Introduction
329(2)
General Methods
331(1)
Sample Preparation
331(1)
Chemical Methods
332(1)
Microbiological Methods
332(1)
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
332(6)
Capillary Electrophoresis
338(3)
Improvement of Chemical and Biological Methods
341(2)
Chemical Assay
341(1)
Microbiological Assay
342(1)
Electrochemical Detection
343(8)
Niacin
343(1)
NADH and NADPH
344(2)
References
346(5)
Pantothenate
351(38)
Won O. Song
Carl T. Wittwer
Bonita W. Wyse
Biological Importance
351(8)
Derivatives and Salts of Pantothenic Acid
359(6)
Analytical methods for Pantothenic Acid
365(13)
Bioassays
366(6)
Immunoassays
372(5)
Chemical and Other Assays
377(1)
Analytical Methods for Measuring CoA and Intermediates
378(11)
Measurement of CoA
378(4)
Measurement of CoA Intermediates
382(1)
References
383(6)
Biotin
389(22)
Janos Zempleni
Donald M. Mock
Introduction
389(3)
Microbiological Assays
392(1)
Avidin-Binding Assays
393(2)
Microbial Versus Avidin-Binding Assays
395(1)
Chromatographic Procedures
396(1)
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
396(1)
Ion-Exchange Chromatography
396(1)
Thin-Layer Chromatographjy and Paper Chromatography
396(1)
Radiosotopes of Biotin
397(1)
Analysis of Biotin-Dependent Carboxylases
397(2)
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
399(1)
Pyruvate Carboxylase, Propionyl-CoA Carboxylase, and β-Methylcrotonoyl-CoA Carboxylase
399(1)
Biotin Metabolities in Biological fluids
399(1)
Biotin Metabolites in Food
400(11)
References
402(9)
Vitamin C
411(36)
Steven C. Rumsey
Mark Levine
Introduction
411(4)
Stability, Sensitivity, and Substance Inerference
415(2)
Colorimetric/Spectrometric Assays
417(2)
Assays Based on Ascorbic Acid as a Reducing Agent
417(1)
Dinitrophenylhydrazine Derivatization by Dehydroascorbic Acid and 2,3-Diketogulonic Acid
418(1)
Spectrophotometric Assay of dehydroascorbic Acid
418(1)
Fluoremetric Assays
419(1)
Gas--Liquid Chromatography
420(1)
Enzymatic Assays
421(1)
Capillary Zone Electrophoresis
422(1)
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
422(8)
HPLC with Ultraviolet Detection
423(1)
HPLC with Fluorescence Detection
424(1)
HPLC with Electrochemical Detection
425(1)
HPLC with Amperometric Detection
425(2)
HPLC with Coulometric Detection
427(1)
HPLC Analysis of Dehydroascorbic Acid
428(2)
Assays of Semidehydroascorbic Acid
430(1)
Flow Injection Assay
430(1)
In Vivo Assays
431(1)
Assay Comparisons
432(1)
Summary and Conclusions
433(14)
References
434(13)
Index 447

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