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9780023228711

Secondary and Middle School Teaching Methods

by ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780023228711

  • ISBN10:

    0023228717

  • Edition: 7th
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 1995-07-11
  • Publisher: Pearson
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List Price: $161.33

Summary

The seventh edition of this comprehensive secondary and middle school methods book continues to focus on planning, implementing, and evaluating but has been updated to include the latest research and developments in secondary and middle school eduation. Continues to emphasize principles and guidelines over "recipes."

Table of Contents

Introduction to Teaching Methods
1(18)
Overview
2(1)
The Challenge
2(6)
The Communications Problem
3(1)
The Management Problem
4(1)
Teaching as an Art Form
5(1)
Reflective Teaching
5(2)
Some Definitions
7(1)
The Elements of Teaching Methods
8(6)
Objectives
8(1)
Subject Matter
9(2)
Teaching Strategies and Tactics
11(3)
A Pattern for Teaching
14(5)
Diagnosing the Learning Situation
14(1)
Preparing the Setting for Learning
14(1)
Guiding the Learning Activities
15(1)
Evaluating Students' Learning
15(1)
Following Through
15(1)
The Pattern's Fluidity
16(1)
Summary
16(1)
Additional Reading
17(1)
Notes
18(1)
Students and How They Learn
19(24)
Overview
20(1)
The Students
20(6)
Adolescence
20(4)
Some Problems of Adolescence
24(2)
How Students Learn
26(17)
Causes for Not Learning
26(1)
Learning Styles
27(1)
Learning How to Learn
28(1)
Learning and the Brain
28(2)
Verbalism versus Knowing
30(1)
Building Understanding
31(1)
Building Skills
32(1)
Teaching Attitudes, Appreciations, and Ideals
32(1)
Readiness
33(1)
Transfer and Retention
33(1)
Learning in Groups
34(4)
Time on Task
38(1)
Teaching Styles and Teacher Goals
38(1)
Summary
39(1)
Additional Reading
39(1)
Notes
40(3)
Motivation
43(26)
Overview
44(1)
The Nature of Motivation
44(1)
The Complexity of Motivation
44(1)
How to Motivate Students
45(24)
Cultivating Self-Esteem
46(1)
Providing a Favorable Climate
47(2)
Making Learning Seem Worthwhile
49(1)
Utilizing Present Motives
49(5)
Getting Set
54(1)
Assignments
55(4)
Keeping Classes Lively
59(1)
Providing Challenging, Not Discouraging, Work
59(6)
Summary
65(1)
Additional Reading
66(1)
Notes
66(3)
Classroom Management and Discipline
69(30)
Overview
70(1)
Some Definitions
70(2)
Building the Classroom Climate
72(2)
Reasonable Control
72(1)
Teacher Personality and Classroom Atmosphere
72(2)
Diffusely Structuring the Class
74(1)
Organizing for Classroom Management
74(4)
Planning
74(1)
Arranging the Setting
74(1)
Setting Up Routines
75(1)
Establishing Rules
76(2)
Managing the Class
78(5)
Getting Off to a Good Start
78(1)
Keeping the Class Moving
78(1)
Some Specific Suggestions
79(4)
Disciplinary Techniques
83(7)
Preventive Discipline
83(1)
Enforcing Rules
84(5)
Dealing with Minor Disturbances
89(1)
Sending Students to the Office
89(1)
Dealing with Major Offenses
89(1)
Helping Students with Problems
90(1)
Direct Instruction
90(1)
Student Rights
91(1)
Building Self-Discipline
92(7)
Summary
92(3)
Additional Reading
95(1)
Notes
96(3)
Planning for Teaching
99(30)
Overview
100(1)
Diagnosis
100(1)
Initial Diagnosis
101(2)
Continuing Diagnosis
103(1)
The Tools of Diagnosis
103(1)
The Objectives
104(12)
General and Specific Objectives
104(1)
Overt and Covert Objectives
104(1)
The Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor Domains
105(5)
Setting Up the Objectives
110(5)
Student Objectives
115(1)
The Learning Activities
116(3)
Selecting the Learning Activities
116(3)
Implications
119(1)
Team Planning
119(1)
Teacher-Pupil Planning
120(4)
Introducing Teacher-Pupil Planning to a Class
122(1)
Discussion Techniques in Teacher-Pupil Planning
122(2)
Resources for the Planner
124(5)
Summary
124(2)
Additional Reading
126(1)
Notes
126(3)
Course, Unit, and Lesson Planning
129(42)
Overview
130(1)
Course Planning
130(2)
Textbook and Course Planning
131(1)
Three Steps in Course Planning
131(1)
The Course Calendar
131(1)
Continuous-Progress Modulated Courses
131(1)
Unit Planning
132(12)
Planning an Ordinary Unit
132(3)
Planning Laboratory Units
135(7)
Learning Activity Packets
142(1)
The Contract Plan
143(1)
Lesson Planning
144(10)
Preparing the Lesson Plan
145(1)
The Lesson Plan Format
145(7)
Using Plan Books
152(1)
Following the Plan
152(2)
Alternative Lesson Plan Formats
154(3)
Format 1
154(1)
Format 2
154(1)
Format 3
154(1)
Formats 4 and 5
155(2)
Format 6
157(1)
A Sample Learning Activity Packet
157(14)
Instructions for Use of This Packet
157(4)
Packet 1 Colonial America and the French and Indian War
161(4)
Annex A
165(1)
Annex B (Content Outline)
166(1)
Summary
167(2)
Additional Reading
169(1)
Notes
169(2)
Direct Expository Approaches
171(28)
Overview
172(1)
Student-Teacher Interaction
172(1)
Direct Teaching
172(1)
Teacher Talks and Lectures
173(5)
Making It Clear
174(1)
Making It Interesting
175(1)
Not Too Much Too Fast
175(1)
The Formal Lecture
176(2)
Informal Teacher Talks
178(1)
Demonstrations
178(1)
Questions
179(10)
Use of Questions
179(1)
The Right Question
180(1)
Four Basic Criteria
180(2)
Techniques of Good Questioning
182(6)
Handling Student Questions
188(1)
Recitations
189(1)
Open-Text Recitation
189(1)
Practice and Review
190(9)
The Value of Repetition
190(1)
Practice and Drill
191(3)
Individualizing Practice
194(1)
Review
195(1)
Summary
195(2)
Additional Reading
197(1)
Notes
197(2)
Group and Discussion Methods
199(32)
Overview
200(1)
Discussion
200(12)
Characteristics of a Good Discussion
200(1)
Advantages of True Discussions
201(1)
Conducting Discussions
202(9)
Discussion and Thinking
211(1)
Panels and Debates
212(5)
When to Use Panels and Debates
213(1)
Conducting Panels, Symposia, Round Tables, and Forums
214(1)
Conducting Debate
215(1)
Conducting British-Style Debate
216(1)
The Jury Trial Technique
216(1)
Speech
217(1)
Oral Reading
218(1)
Small Groups, Cooperative Learning Teams, and Committees
218(13)
Launching Small-Group Work
219(1)
Buzz Groups
219(1)
The Fishbowl Technique
220(1)
Student Teams
221(1)
The Working Committee
221(5)
Special-Interest Groups
226(1)
Some Caveats
227(1)
Summary
228(1)
Additional Reading
228(1)
Notes
229(2)
Thinking and Inquiring
231(30)
Overview
232(1)
Teaching Thinking Skills
232(5)
Students' Thinking Faults
233(1)
Teaching Thinking Directly
233(2)
Scaffolds
235(2)
Inquiry Teaching
237(9)
Inductive Lesson
238(1)
The Socratic Method
239(1)
Controlled or Guided Discussion
240(1)
Springboard Techniques
240(1)
The Problem-Solving Approach
241(3)
The Case-Study Method
244(1)
The Project
245(1)
Teaching Controversial Issues
246(3)
Selecting the Controversial Issue
247(1)
Some Useful Strategies and Tactics
248(1)
Role Playing and Simulation Games
249(4)
Role Playing
249(3)
Simulation Games
252(1)
Studying the Community
253(3)
Community Surveys
253(2)
Community Service and Action Learning
255(1)
Securing Administrative Approval
255(1)
Writing
256(5)
Summary
257(1)
Additional Reading
258(2)
Notes
260(1)
Providing for Individual Differences
261(22)
Overview
262(1)
Administrative Provisions for Differences in Students
262(1)
Matching Teaching Styles to Learning Styles
263(1)
Differentiating Assignments
264(3)
The Differentiated Assignment
264(2)
Grouping Within the Classroom
266(1)
Individualizing Instruction
267(11)
Acceleration and Enrichment
267(1)
Continuous Progress Plans
268(1)
Mastery Learning
269(1)
Completely Differentiating the Work
270(1)
Conducting the Class as a Laboratory
271(1)
Other Individualized Instruction Schemes
271(6)
Finding Time for Individual Instruction
277(1)
The Need for a Variety of Materials
278(1)
Remedial Teaching
278(5)
Summary
279(1)
Additional Reading
280(1)
Notes
281(2)
Student Diversity
283(28)
Overview
284(1)
Teaching Gifted and Talented Learners
284(6)
Definitions
284(1)
Identifying Students Who Are Gifted and Talented
285(1)
Teaching Students Who Are Gifted and Talented
286(3)
Creative Students
289(1)
Helping Gifted Underachievers
289(1)
Managing Cultural Diversity
290(9)
The Socioeconomically Disadvantaged
290(5)
Multicultural Groups
295(4)
Eliminating Sexual Bias
299(1)
Teaching At-Risk Students
299(2)
Teaching Students With Disabilities
301(10)
Federal Law Pl 94-142
302(1)
Learners With Mild Disabilities
303(2)
Other Learners With Disabilities
305(1)
Summary
306(1)
Additional Reading
307(2)
Notes
309(2)
Reading and Studying
311(38)
Overview
312(1)
Vocabulary Building
312(3)
Textbooks
315(4)
Using Textbooks
315(1)
Teaching Students to Use the Textbook
316(1)
Matching Reading Levels
317(2)
Reading and Studying
319(2)
Teaching How to Study
320(1)
Developing Comprehension Skills
321(5)
Teaching Students to Read with Purpose
322(1)
Locating the Main Idea and Supporting Details
322(1)
Teaching Organizational Patterns
323(1)
Teaching Students to Utilize What They Know
324(1)
Adjusting Reading Speed
324(1)
Teaching Students to Read Critically
325(1)
Teaching Students to Study Independently
326(5)
A General Study Plan for Readers Who Are At-Risk
326(1)
Directed-Reading Lesson
327(2)
Learning to Budget Time for Study
329(1)
Multiple Resources
330(1)
Other Printed and Duplicated Materials
331(2)
Pamphlets and Brochures
331(1)
Workbooks
331(1)
Duplicated Material
332(1)
Paperback Books
332(1)
The Classroom Library
333(1)
Teaching Students to Take Notes
333(1)
Sources of Teaching Materials
334(5)
Free and Inexpensive Materials
335(1)
Making Your Own Materials
335(1)
The Community as a Resource
336(3)
Homework
339(10)
What Kind of Homework?
339(1)
Making Homework Assignments
340(1)
How Much Homework?
341(1)
Evaluating Homework
342(1)
Supervised Study
343(1)
Summary
344(2)
Additional Reading
346(1)
Notes
347(2)
Educational Technologies
349(28)
Overview
350(1)
Audiovisual Media
350(12)
Uses of Audiovisual Media
350(1)
Making the Most of the Medium
350(1)
Selecting the Audiovisual Material
351(1)
Planning to Use the Materials
351(1)
Preparing for the Audiovisual Activity
351(1)
Guiding Students Through Audiovisual Activities
352(1)
Following Up Audiovisual Activities
352(1)
Kinds of Audiovisual Materials
353(5)
Homemade Visual Aids
358(1)
Television
359(2)
Selecting Television Programs
361(1)
Computers and Teaching Programs
362(15)
Computer Classroom Roles
364(1)
Learning about Computers
364(1)
Learning from Computers
365(1)
Learning with Computers
366(2)
Learning to Think with Computers
368(1)
Managing Instruction with Computers
369(1)
Planning Computer Activities
370(3)
Ethical Considerations
373(1)
Summary
373(1)
Additional Reading
374(1)
Notes
375(2)
Classroom Evaluation
377(42)
Overview
378(1)
Background
379(1)
Definitions
379(1)
A Caveat
379(1)
Evaluation in Units and Courses
380(3)
Objectives and Evaluation
380(1)
Preparing an Evaluation Plan
380(1)
Selecting the Right Instrument
380(1)
Summative, Formative, or Diagnostic Evaluation
381(1)
Criteria for a Good Measuring Device
381(2)
Carrying Out the Plan
383(1)
Tools for Assessment
383(12)
Performance Assessment
383(5)
Themes, Notebooks, Homework, and Recitation
388(1)
Portfolios
388(1)
Self-Evaluation Techniques
389(2)
Tests
391(4)
Building Classroom Tests
395(9)
General Procedures for Test Construction
395(1)
Building an Objective Test
396(7)
Building an Essay Test
403(1)
Building Criterion-Referenced Tests
404(1)
Assessing Attitudes, Ideals, and Appreciations
404(1)
Administering and Scoring Teacher-Built Tests
404(3)
Giving the Test
404(1)
Scoring the Essay Test
405(1)
Scoring the Objective Test
405(2)
Evaluating Teacher-Built Tests
407(3)
Analyzing Test Items
407(1)
Analysis of Criterion-Referenced Tests
408(1)
Diagnostic Item Analysis
409(1)
Standardized Tests, Scales, and Inventories
410(9)
Kinds of Standardized Tests
410(1)
Selecting a Standardized Test
411(1)
Administering a Standardized Test
411(4)
Summary
415(2)
Additional Reading
417(1)
Notes
417(2)
Marking and Reporting to Parents
419(28)
Overview
420(1)
Marks and Marking
420(18)
Criticism of Marking Systems
420(2)
Marking Tests
422(2)
Assigning Marks
424(2)
Term and Course Marks
426(12)
Reporting to Parents
438(3)
The Right to Know
438(1)
Report Cards
438(1)
Supplementary Reports
439(2)
Promotion
441(6)
Continuous Progress
441(1)
Setting Standards for Promotion
441(3)
Summary
444(1)
Additional Reading
445(1)
Notes
446(1)
The Professional Teacher (Epilogue)
447(6)
Additional Reading
450(1)
Notes
451(2)
Appendix A Student Teaching and Internship 453(10)
Appendix B Getting Established 463(6)
Index 469

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