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9780801855481

Saving America's Countryside : A Guide to Rural Conservation

by ; ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780801855481

  • ISBN10:

    0801855489

  • Edition: 2nd
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 1997-07-30
  • Publisher: Johns Hopkins Univ Pr
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Summary

A new edition of the book that received the Historic Preservation Book Prize and the American Society for Landscape Architects' Honor Award Since publication of the first edition of Saving America's Countryside in 1989, the fight to save America's rural resources has met with much success. Approaches considered experimental just a decade ago--greenways and heritage areas, for example--are now widespread. Yet at the same time, such disquieting developments as continuing suburban sprawl, the weakening of federal laws, and the so-called property rights movement all suggest that work remains to be done. Saving America's Countryside was the first and is still the only comprehensive, step-by-step guide to protecting the natural, historic, scenic, and agricultural resources of a rural community. The authors show how to organize a conservation effort, inventory available resources, pass effective new laws, set up land trusts, take advantage of federal programs, and change public attitudes. The thoroughly revised and updated second edition reports on changes in conservation over the past eight years and adds a chapter on making economic development compatible with rural conservation. It includes new case studies, more than fifty new illustrations, and a section on heritage tourism. As in the previous edition, the detailed case studies document a variety of successful--and often surprisingly innovative--conservation efforts by residents of rural communities throughout the United States.

Author Biography

Samuel N. Stokes designed and initiated the Rural Heritage Program at the National Trust for Historic Preservation. He now works for the National Park Service, where he manages the Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Program. A. Elizabeth Watson consults on heritage planning, conservation, and sustainable development. She has worked for the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, the Land Trust Alliance, the National Trust for Historic Preservation, and now works with JMA/Watson. Shelley S. Mastran is director of the Rural Heritage Program at the National Trust for Historic Preservation.

Table of Contents

List of Case Studies
xiii
List of Sidebars
xvii
Preface to the Second Edition xxi
Preface to the First Edition xxvii
Introduction: Rural Conservation, A Strategy for Sustainability 1(6)
Rural Concerns
Introduction
7(1)
Economic, Demographic, and Social Issues
8(13)
Rural Communities that are Growing
8(7)
Rural Communities in Decline
15(1)
Revitalizing Small Towns
16(1)
The Residents of a Rural Community
17(3)
The Property Rights Movement
20(1)
Water and Related Resources
21(8)
Water Supply and Quality
23(2)
Rivers
25(1)
Wetlands
26(1)
Floodplains
27(1)
Coasts
28(1)
The Land
29(11)
Soils
29(4)
Farming and Farmland
33(4)
Forests
37(1)
Rangeland
38(2)
Wildlife and Endangered Species
40(2)
Special Resources
42(10)
Historic and Cultural Resources
42(6)
Scenic Areas
48(1)
Greenways
49(1)
Outdoor Recreation
50(1)
Public Lands
51(1)
Potential Problems and Opportunities
52(3)
Highways
52(1)
Mining
53(1)
Hazardous Waste
54(1)
Solid Waste
54(1)
Air Pollution
55(1)
Resource Stewardship
55(2)
Conclusion
57(1)
Organizing a Rural Conservation Program
Introduction
58(10)
Developing a Program
68(6)
Assessing Community Needs
69(1)
Creating a Vision, Developing a Mission
70(2)
Developing Goals, Objectives, and a work Program
72(1)
Defining Boundaries
73(1)
Determining an Organizational Approach
74(13)
Working Through Local Government
77(1)
Informal Private Groups
78(1)
Establishing a Nonprofit Rural Conservation Organization
78(8)
Working Through an Existing Nonprofit Organization
86(1)
Getting People to Do the Work
87(8)
Initial Organizers
87(1)
Leadership
88(1)
Volunteers
89(3)
Local Groups and Agencies
92(1)
Outside Experts
92(1)
Paid Consultants
93(2)
Paid Staff
95(1)
Dealing with Conflict
95(11)
Confronting (and Avoiding) a Crisis
99(2)
Resolving Disputes
101(2)
Public Participation
103(2)
Information Sharing
105(1)
Cooperation among Communities
106(1)
Evaluation
107(2)
Conclusion
109(1)
Analyzing the Rural Community
Introduction
110(2)
Preparing an Inventory
112(15)
What Information to Include
112(1)
How to Record Data
113(1)
Geographic Information Systems
113(2)
When to Conduct an Inventory
115(6)
Who Conducts the Inventory
121(1)
Maps
122(2)
Sources of Data
124(2)
Field Work
126(1)
Inventorying Natural Features
127(12)
Relief
127(1)
Geology
127(1)
Soils
128(3)
Water and Related Resources
131(3)
Vegetation
134(3)
Wildlife
137(1)
Climate
138(1)
Inventorying Special Resources
139(13)
Historic and Cultural Resources
139(2)
Scenic Areas
141(9)
Outdoor Recreation
150(1)
Sacred Places
150(2)
Inventorying Land Use and Ownership
152(2)
Analysis of Inventory Results
154(3)
Composite and Synthesis Maps
155(2)
Reports
157(1)
Conclusion
157(2)
Rural Conservation Through Local Government
Introduction
159(2)
Planning
161(4)
What a Plan is
161(1)
When to Develop a Plan
162(1)
Who Prepares the Plan
163(1)
Adopting, Implementing, and Revising a Plan
164(1)
Partial Plans
164(1)
Spending Money Is Planning
165(1)
Zoning and Subdivision Ordinances
166(10)
Zoning
166(4)
The Zoning Ordinance
170(1)
Large-Lot Zoning
171(2)
Agricultural Zoning
173(1)
Regulating Subdivision
174(2)
Combining Zoning and Subdivision
176(1)
Flexible Land Use Regulations
176(13)
Overlay Zoning
177(3)
Clustering
180(6)
Point Systems and Growth Guidance Programs
186(2)
Transfer of Development Rights
188(1)
Addressing Environmental Protection, Design Quality, and Historic Preservation
189(18)
Environmental Review
191(8)
Design Review
199(4)
Historic District and Historic Site Review
203(4)
Other Techniques
207(4)
Taxation
207(3)
Agricultural Districts
210(1)
Right-to-Farm Laws
211(1)
Drafting and Administering Ordinances
211(1)
Conclusion
212(2)
Voluntary Techniques for Protecting Property
Introduction
214(2)
Notification, Recognition, and Nonbinding Agreements
216(4)
Notification
216(1)
Recognition
217(2)
Nonbinding Agreements
219(1)
Temporary Binding Agreements
220(4)
Management Agreements and Leases
221(1)
Agreements Tied to Loans and Grants
221(3)
Acquisition of Conservation Easements
224(7)
Drafting an Easement
225(1)
Who Holds an Easement
226(1)
Purchase of Easements
227(4)
Acquisition of Undivided Interests in Land
231(1)
Outright Acquisition of Property
231(5)
Rights of First Refusal and Options
233(1)
Installment Sales and Lease-Purchase Agreements
234(1)
Bargain Sale
234(1)
Donation
235(1)
Limited Development
236(4)
Nonprofit Involvement in Development
237(2)
Limited Partnerships
239(1)
Private Land Planning
240(1)
Developing a Voluntary Property Protection Program
240(12)
Land Trusts
246(1)
Revolving Funds
247(1)
Public-Private Cooperation
248(3)
Administering a Program
251(1)
Conclusion
252(3)
Economic Development and Rural Conservation
Introduction
255(1)
Rural Economic Development
256(2)
Downtown Revitalization
258(6)
Strengthening Downtown Commerce
258(4)
Main Street as The Social Focus of the Community
262(1)
Appearance and Design
263(1)
Limitations to Downtown Revitalization
264(1)
Tourism Development
264(16)
The Importance of Authenticity
267(1)
Getting Started
268(6)
Benefits and Costs
274(6)
Using Agriculture for Community Development
280(3)
Farmers' Markets
280(2)
Community-Supported Agriculture
282(1)
Specialty Farming
283(1)
Gambling
283(6)
Gambling Revenues
284(1)
Costs of Gambling
285(4)
Heritage Area Development
289(11)
Defining a Heritage Area
290(4)
Building Partnerships
294(2)
Heritage Development
296(4)
Conclusion
300(1)
Getting Help From the Outside
Introduction
301(1)
The Nature of Outside Help
302(1)
Lobbying
303(1)
State Land Use Planning and Regulation
304(2)
The National Environmental Policy Act and State Equivalents
306(1)
Water and Related Resources
307(12)
Water Supply and Quality
307(3)
Rivers
310(5)
Wetlands
315(1)
Floodplains
316(1)
Coasts
317(2)
The Land
319(2)
Soils
319(1)
Farming and Farmland
320(1)
Forests and Rangeland
321(1)
Wildlife and Endangered Species
321(2)
Wildlife
321(1)
Endangered Species
322(1)
Special Resources
323(13)
Natural Landmarks
323(1)
Historic and Cultural Resources
324(4)
Scenic Areas
328(2)
Outdoor Recreation and Greenways
330(5)
Public Lands
335(1)
Potential Problems and Opportunities
336(8)
Highways
336(4)
Mining
340(1)
Hazardous Waste
341(2)
Solid Waste
343(1)
Air Pollution
343(1)
Rural Development and Housing
344(4)
Rural Development
344(2)
Housing
346(2)
Conclusion
348(1)
Community Education and Support
Introduction
349(3)
News Media
352(4)
Newspapers
354(1)
Radio and Television
355(1)
Press Conferences
355(1)
Brochures
356(1)
Newsletters
356(2)
Educational Programs
358(4)
Lectures, Slide Shows, and Videotapes
358(1)
Field Trips
359(1)
Workshops
360(1)
Leadership Training and Member Education
361(1)
Activities for Children
361(1)
Educational Facilities
362(5)
Museums
362(2)
Living History Programs
364(2)
Nature Centers
366(1)
Fund Raising
367(7)
Special Events
374(6)
Exhibits
375(1)
Tours
375(3)
Festivals and Fairs
378(1)
Recognition and Awards Ceremonies
378(1)
Public Service
379(1)
Conclusion
380(1)
CONCLUSION: PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER 381(18)
APPENDIX 1: EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS ON RURAL CONSERVATION
Chapter Study Notes
387(2)
Hands-On Experience
389(1)
Paper Topic
389(2)
APPENDIX 2: SOURCES OF ASSISTANCE
Private Nonprofit Organizations
391(5)
Federal Agencies
396(3)
Notes to Text 399(6)
Notes to Case Studies 405(2)
Notes to Sidebars 407(4)
References and Suggested Reading 411(22)
Figure Credits 433(4)
Index 437

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