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9781563963773

Plasma Science and the Environment

by ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9781563963773

  • ISBN10:

    1563963779

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 1996-10-01
  • Publisher: Amer Inst of Physics

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Summary

Plasma Science and the Environment describes important advances on environmental issues made by researchers in plasma physics and its associated fields of fluids, gaseous chemistry, lasers, microwaves, and electron beams. Written by some of the world's foremost plasma science experts, the articles here range from the global perspective of climate and atmospheric change to new developments in energy efficiency and conservation to key applications in waste treatment and reduction. Clearly written, up to date, and extensively referenced, Plasma Science and the Environment introduces nonspecialists to a fascinating field of scientific endeavor. Readers will gain a broader understanding of some of the most crucial problems facing the modern world, and will see how specialists in a particular area of physics are working to solve them.

Table of Contents

Preface xiii
List of Contributors
xv
Introduction xvii
Linda E. Sugiyama
Global and Large-Scale Environmental Processes and Modifications xvii
Energy Use and Conservation xxi
Waste Treatment: Prevention and Remediation xxii
Acknowledgments xxv
References xxv
Part I. Global and Large-Scale Environmental Processes and Modifications
A Brief Introduction to Global Change
3(12)
Herbert Gursky
Introduction
3(1)
Scientific Complexity
4(1)
Global Warming
5(4)
Ozone Depletion
9(3)
The Institutional Response
12(1)
Summary
12(3)
References
13(2)
Global Change and Possible Effects on the Earth's Plasma Environment
15(26)
Raymond G. Roble
Introduction
15(1)
Changes in Global Mean Atmosphere Structure
16(9)
Changes in Ionospheric Structure
25(6)
Global Electric Circuit
31(1)
Component Electrical Processes and Possible Effects from Global Change
32(3)
Electrical Conductivity
32(2)
Thunderstorm Frequency and Global Change
34(1)
Conclusions
35(6)
References
37(4)
Ionospheric Modification and Environmental Research in the Auroral Region
41(36)
Alfred Y. Wong
Michael McCarrick
Ralph F. Wuerker
Joel Villasenor
Bin Song
Helio Zwi
Glenn Rosenthal
Tuto Nakamura
Jacqueline Pau
Tetsuo Fukuchi
Davis D. Sentman
Roger Smith
Joseph Kan
Lung-Chih Tsai
F. Tom Berkey
Introduction
41(3)
Principle of Localized Interactions of Propagating EM Waves with Ionospheric Plasma
44(2)
Conversion from EM to ES Waves
45(1)
Characteristics of Ionospheric Plasmas
46(5)
Comparison between Equatorial and Auroral Ionospheric Conditions
50(1)
Experimental Methods
51(7)
Description of Facility and Antenna Array
51(3)
Diagnostics
54(1)
Space-Borne Diagnostics Complement the Ground-Based Diagnostics
55(3)
Method of Enhancing Wave Excitation by Coupling to Free-Energy Sources
58(1)
Conditions for Coupling to the Polar Ionosphere
58(6)
Selective Removal of Ions by Ion-Cyclotron Acceleration in the Polar Region
64(13)
Growth of EM Ion-Cyclotron Waves Driven by Field-Aligned Current
73(1)
Consideration of Power Requirements
73(1)
Acknowledgments
74(1)
References
74(3)
Gyrotrons and Free-Electron Lasers for Atmospheric Sensing
77(40)
Wallace Manheimer
Introduction
77(1)
Gyrotrons, Free-Electron Lasers, and Atmospheric Propagation
78(14)
Gyrotron Devices at Around 94 GHz
78(11)
Infared Free-Electron Lasers
89(3)
Cloud Radar Studies With High-Power Gyrotrons
92(7)
Millimeter-Wave Cloud Radars
93(1)
Radar Scatter from Clouds
93(2)
Analysis of Radar Returns from Clouds
95(2)
High-Power Millimeter-Wave Atmospheric Probes
97(2)
Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Turbulence
99(3)
Remote Sensing of Trace Impurities in the Upper Atmosphere
102(10)
Trace-Element Determination by Radiometry
103(4)
Trace-Element Detection by Coherent Absorption Measurements
107(4)
Atmospheric Modification With High-Power Millimeter Waves
111(1)
Atmospheric Sensing with Free-Electron Lasers
112(2)
Conclusion
114(3)
Acknowledgments
115(1)
References
115(2)
Removing Chlorofluorocarbons from the Atmosphere with Lasers: A Second Look
117(32)
Thomas H. Stix
Introduction
117(1)
Greenhouse Warming
118(1)
Ozone Depletion
119(4)
Trends in Ultraviolet Dose
123(1)
Destruction of CFC's by Electron Attachment
124(1)
Injection of Hydrocarbons into the Antarctic Stratosphere
125(1)
Laser Processing
125(1)
Ultimate Efficiency
126(1)
Electrical Power Costs for Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation
127(1)
Systems Analysis
128(1)
Dissociation of CFC's by Ultraviolet Photons
129(3)
Dissociation of CFC's by Infrared Plus Ultraviolet Radiation
132(4)
Infrared Excitation of Molecular Vibration-Chirping the Laser
136(6)
CFC 11: An Exception?
142(1)
Collisional Relaxation
142(1)
Suppression of Stimulated Rotational Raman Scattering
143(2)
Conclusions
145(4)
Acknowledgments
145(1)
References
146(3)
Convection Towers for Generating Electric Power and Reducing Air Pollution
149(16)
Melvin L. Prueitt
Background
149(1)
The Problem
149(1)
The Solution
150(3)
Research at LASL
153(3)
Experimental Work
156(1)
Scavenging of Particulate Matter
157(1)
Scavenging of Gases
158(1)
Tower Effluents
159(1)
Electric Power Production
160(1)
Summary
160(5)
References
160(5)
Part II. Energy Use and Conservation
Recent Improvements in New Product Energy Efficiency
165(14)
Arthur H. Rosenfeld
Lynn Price
Introduction
165(1)
Automobiles
166(2)
Refrigerators
168(1)
Lighting
168(3)
Electronic Ballasts for Fluorescent Lamps
170(1)
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL's)
170(1)
Windows
171(5)
Windows from a Physics Perspective
171(2)
Low-Emissivity (Low-E) Windows
173(1)
Economics of Low-E Windows
173(1)
Spectrally Selective Windows-Plasma Frequency
174(2)
Advanced Windows and ``Superwindows''
176(1)
Conclusion
176(3)
Acknowledgments
177(1)
References
177(2)
Energy Conservation and Environmental Aspects of Lighting Plasmas
179(30)
Gerald L. Rogoff
Introduction
179(3)
Lamp Measures
182(3)
Lumen Output
183(1)
Efficacy
184(1)
Color-Rendering Index
184(1)
Color Temperature
184(1)
Low-Pressure Discharge Lamp Plasmas
185(13)
The Fluorescent Lamp
185(9)
The Low-Pressure Sodium Lamp
194(1)
Changes and Trends
195(3)
High-Intensity-Discharge (HID) Lamps
198(2)
Environmental Effects
200(4)
Mercury Content
201(2)
Mercury Disposal
203(1)
The Future
204(5)
Acknowledgments
205(1)
References
205(4)
Part III. Waste-Treatment: Prevention and Remediation
Hot and Cold Plasma Processing of Waste
209(22)
Daniel R. Cohn
Introduction
209(1)
High-Temperature Plasma Processing
210(7)
General Features
210(2)
Metal-Electrode-Plasma Furnace Applications
212(2)
Graphite-Electrode Arc-Plasma Furnace Applications
214(1)
Process Diagnostics
215(2)
Future Directions
217(1)
Low-Temperature, Nonequilibrium Processing
217(10)
General Approach
217(2)
Discharge Plasmas
219(3)
Electron-Beam-Generated Plasmas
222(5)
Future Directions
227(1)
Conclusions
227(4)
Acknowledgments
228(1)
References
228(3)
Electron Scrubbing of Flue Gases to Remove Unwanted By-Products
231(30)
Ralph D. Genuario
Electron-Beam Dry Scrubbing Process Description and History
231(6)
Background
231(2)
EBDS Process Description
233(2)
EBDS History
235(2)
E-SCRUB Requirements
237(8)
SOx and NOx Removal Requirements
237(2)
EBDS Cost Estimates and Technology Comparisons
239(5)
HPTA Technology Versus Conventional Electron-Beam Guns
244(1)
HPTA Technology Development
245(11)
DOD Technology Overview
245(1)
HPTA Technology Overview
245(3)
Power-Conditioning Subsystem Description
248(4)
Electron-Beam Gun Design
252(4)
e-SCRUB Project Description
256(5)
References
258(3)
Processing of Hazardous Chemicals Using Silent-Electrical-Discharge Plasmas
261(38)
Louis A. Rosocha
Introduction
261(2)
Electrical Considerations
263(8)
Discharge Mechanisms
263(4)
Electrical Properties of Silent Discharges
267(4)
Plasma Chemistry Considerations
271(11)
Radical Production
274(5)
Radical Utilization
279(3)
Process Chemistry
282(2)
Representative Experimental Results And Applications
284(7)
Equipment
284(1)
Results
285(3)
Applications
288(3)
Removal-Scaling Relationships and Figures of Merit
291(3)
Removal-Scaling Relationships
291(2)
Figure of Merit
293(1)
Conclusions
294(5)
Appendix
295(1)
Acknowledgments
295(1)
References
296(3)
Accelerator-Based Systems for Plutonium Destruction and Nuclear-Waste Transmutation
299(22)
Edward D. Arthur
Introduction
299(1)
Overview of ABC and ATW System Components
300(1)
Impacts of Material-Destruction Systems
301(4)
Choice of Transmutation-System Parameters
305(2)
Safety and Control
305(1)
Neutron Economy
306(1)
Fuel Cleanup
306(1)
Components of ABC and ATW Systems
307(5)
Value Provided by the Accelerator
312(4)
Safety and Control
312(2)
Excess Neutrons for Transmutation of Long-Lived Fission Products
314(1)
Ease of Fuel-Cleanup Frequency
315(1)
Technology Status and Development
316(3)
Conclusions
319(2)
References
320(1)
Index 321

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