This unique and definitive reference on hormone abuse in food producing animals is for scientists, regulators and consumers. It contains the results of a meeting held in November 2006 to discuss the progress made by the Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) supported programme on steroid abuse detection. When the "hormone ban" first arose in the EU, there were only 15 Member States. There are now 27 and some newer members lack the background knowledge of this issue. This book sets out to summarise the history and show the significant progress that has been, and continues to be, made in this area. It is the only comprehensive review of this subject available and contains input from leading researchers from around the world. The initial chapters provide valuable background information. For example, the chapter on toxicology and risk covers the controversies arising from the interpretation of the effects of artificial hormones in meat-producing animals. The book then goes on to deal with how the issue has been managed via national and international detection programmes. It finishes by covering the resulting cutting edge analytical science including current research using "omics"/ profiling for "natural hormones" and novel detection techniques such as IRMS. This book offers readers an insight into the risk management of an important food related issue and how current analytical analyses can assist evidence-based risk assessments. There is comprehensive coverage of all past and current issues relating to growth promoting hormone abuse in animals.

The Use of Hormomally Active Substances in Veterinary and Zootechnical Uses - The Continuing Scientific and Regulatory Challenges	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Recent Historical Perspective	p. 2
The Role and Remit of the VPC 2002 Working Group	p. 6
Biological Effects of Hormones and Endpoints of Health Concern	p. 7
General Properties of Hormones	p. 7
Health Endpoints of Concern	p. 7
Endocrine Disruption	p. 8
The Use of Oestradiol in Cattle	p. 10
The Scientific Evidence Available to the VPC Working Group	p. 16
Exposure to Hormonally Active Substances	p. 16
Bioavailability of Hormonally Active Substances	p. 18
Cancer Risks of Oestrogenic Substances	p. 19
Altered Gene Expression by Oestrogenic Substances	p. 22
Genotoxic and Mutagenic Effects of Oestrogenic Substances	p. 23
Developmental and Reproductive Effects of Hormonally Active Substances	p. 29
Environmental Impact of Hormonally Active Substances	p. 33
Other Considerations of the WG	p. 36
Recent Opinions and the Future	p. 42
Conclusions	p. 42
References	p. 44
Presence and Metabolism of Endogenous Steroid Hormones in Meat-producing Animals	p. 48
Introduction	p. 48
Production and Structure of Hormones	p. 51
Mechanisms of Metabolism	p. 51
Conjugation	p. 54
Analytical and Physiological Considerations Regarding Comparisons of Steroid Concentrations within and between Different Species	p. 55
Analytical Factors	p. 56
Physiological Factors	p. 59
Endogenous Occurrence of Testosterone-related Compounds	p. 61
Bovine	p. 61
Ovine	p. 65
Porcine	p. 68
Endogenous Occurrence of Nandrolone-related Compounds	p. 69
Bovine	p. 70
Ovine	p. 71
Porcine	p. 72
Endogenous Occurrence of Boldenone-related Compounds	p. 74
Bovine	p. 75
Ovine	p. 76
Porcine	p. 76
Endogenous Occurrence of Oestradiol-related Compounds	p. 77
Bovine	p. 77
Ovine	p. 81
Porcine	p. 81
Endogenous Occurrence of Progesterone-related Compounds	p. 82
Bovine	p. 82
Ovine	p. 84
Porcine	p. 85
Endogenous Occurrence of Cortisol-related Compounds and Their Effect on Other Endogenous Hormones	p. 85
Variation with Pregnancy and Oestrous	p. 85
Discussion and Conclusion	p. 89
Acknowledgements	p. 90
References	p. 90
Hormone Use for Growth Promotion and National Programmes for Regulation of Hormone Use in Food-producing Animals	p. 97
First Reports of Hormone Use in Food-producing Animals	p. 97
Origins of the European Ban on Hormone Use in Food-producing Animals	p. 98
International Assessment of Hormone Use under Codex Alimentarius Commission and JECFA	p. 98
Initial Reviews - Natural Hormones, Trenbolone Acetate and Zeranol	p. 98
Beta-agonists	p. 101
Corticosteroids	p. 102
Melengestrol Acetate	p. 103
Reassessment of Natural Hormones (Oestradiol, Progesterone, Testosterone)	p. 104
Recombinant Porcine Somatotropin	p. 105
The Role of Science and Other Factors in Risk Analysis within the Codex Process	p. 105
EU Regulations Banning Hormone Use	p. 105
Approved Use of Hormones for Growth Promotion in North America	p. 107
Regulatory Approval Process	p. 107
Controls to Prevent Implants Entering the Food Chain	p. 109
Re-implanting and Multiple Implants	p. 110
Statistical Approaches to Residue Control	p. 111
Europe	p. 111
North America	p. 113
Australia	p. 117
South America	p. 117
People's Republic of China	p. 119
Thailand	p. 119
References	p. 119
Current Analytical Methods Used for the Detection of Hormone Residues	p. 129
Introduction	p. 129
Biochemical Screening Methods	p. 131
Immunological Procedures	p. 131
Receptor-based Assays	p. 135
Chromatographic Methods	p. 137
Stilbenes	p. 137
Melengestrol Acetate (MGA)	p. 139
Trenbolone	p. 140
Multi-residue Hormone Methods using GC-MS and/or LC-MS/MS	p. 141
Use of LC-ToF-MS as a Multi-residue Screening Method	p. 155
Zeranol - a Special Case Regarding Mycotoxins	p. 160
Performance of Current Methods in Proficiency Tests	p. 163
Conclusions	p. 165
References	p. 165
Current Research into New Analytical Procedures	p. 171
Introduction	p. 171
Some Applications of LC-MS Analysis	p. 175
Application of Biomarkers and "Omics" Technology to Detect Administration of Growth Promoters	p. 178
Transcriptomics	p. 180
Proteomics	p. 181
Metabolomics	p. 184
Relevance of ¹³C/¹²C Measurement for Steroid Abuse Control	p. 185
Presentation of the Instrument: Gas Chromatograph Coupled to Combustion Interface Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (GC-C-IRMS)	p. 188
Sample Preparation Steps	p. 191
Sample Purification	p. 194
Quality Control Samples	p. 197
Definition of a Compliant Threshold in Cattle Urine	p. 199
Application to Natural Steroids Monitoring by GC-C-IRMS	p. 200
Conclusion	p. 203
Acknowledgements	p. 203
References	p. 204
Subject Index	p. 210
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Analyses for Hormonal Substances in Food-Producing Animals

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Analyses for Hormonal Substances in Food-Producing Animals

9780854041985

0854041982

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