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Contents
PREFACE ix
ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHY 1
SOCRATES AND PLATO 3 Euthyphro 8 Apology 21 Crito 38 Phaedo (72c–83c, 114e–118b) 47 Republic (Book I, 336b–342e, 347b–e; Book II, 357a–362c, 368a–376e; Book III, 412b–417b; Book IV, 427c–445e; Book V, 449–462e, 473b–e; and Books VI–VII, 502c–521b) 59
ARISTOTLE 125 Physics (Book II, complete) 129 Metaphysics (Book I, 1–4, 6, 9; and Book XII, 6–9) 140 On the Soul (Book II, Chapters 1–3; and Book III, 4–5) 157 Nicomachean Ethics (Books I–II; Book IV, 3; Books VI–VII; and Book X, 6–8) 164
HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN PHILOSOPHY 227
EPICURUS 230 Letter to Menoeceus 232 Principal Doctrines 236
EPICTETUS 239 Handbook (Enchiridion) 241
PYRRHO AND SEXTUS EMPIRICUS 252 Outlines of Pyrrhonism (Book I, 1–13) 253
PLOTINUS 258 Enneads (Ennead I, Tractate 6) 260
CHRISTIANITY AND MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY 267
AUGUSTINE 272 Confessions (Book VIII, 5, 8–12; and Book XI, 14–28) 275 City of God (Book XI, Chapter 26; and Book XII, Chapters 1–9) 290
BOETHIUS 300 The Consolation of Philosophy (Book V, Chapter 6) 302
ANSELM (AND GUANILO) 306 Proslogion (Preface; Chapters 1–4) 308 Gaunilo and Anselm: Debate (selections) 310
HILDEGARD OF BINGEN 314 Scivias (Book I, Vision 4, 16–26) 316
MOSES MAIMONIDES 321 The Guide for the Perplexed (Part II, Introduction) 323
THOMAS AQUINAS 327 Summa Theologica (selections) 331
WILLIAM OF OCKHAM 358 Summa Logicae (On Universals Part I, Chapters 14–16) 361
GIOVANNI PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA 366 Oration on the Dignity of Man (in part) 368
MODERN PHILOSOPHY 371
RENÉ DESCARTES 373 Meditations on the First Philosophy 377 Correspondence with Princess Elizabeth (selections) 417
THOMAS HOBBES 421 Leviathan (selections from Chapters 1–3, 6, 9, 12–15, 17–18, 21) 424
BLAISE PASCAL 461 Pensées (selections) 464
BARUCH SPINOZA 470 Ethics (Sections I and II) 472
JOHN LOCKE 523 An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (abridged) 526
GOTTFRIED LEIBNIZ 578 Discourse on Metaphysics 582 The Monadology 610
GEORGE BERKELEY 619 Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous 622
DAVID HUME 681 An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 684
JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU 762 The Social Contract (Book I) 765
IMMANUEL KANT 775 Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics 779 Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals 851 On a Supposed Right to Lie From Altruistic Motives 894
MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT 898 A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Chapter 6) 900
NINETEENTH-CENTURY PHILOSOPHY 905
G.W.F. HEGEL 907 Phenomenology of Spirit (B, IV, A: “Independence and Dependence of Self-Consciousness: Relations of Master and Servant”) 920
Lectures on the History of Philosophy (“The Final Result”) 916
JOHN STUART MILL 920 Utilitarianism 923 SØREN KIERKEGAARD 962 Fear and Trembling (Problema I: “Teleological Suspension of the Ethical”) 966 Concluding Unscientific Postscript (Section II, Chapter 2, “Subjective Truth, Inwardness; Truth Is Subjectivity”) 974
KARL MARX 983 Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 (“Alienated Labor”) 986 Manifesto of the Communist Party (Chapters 1 and 2) 995 A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (Preface) 1004 Notes on Bakunin’s Statehood and Anarchy (selections) 1005
CHARLES SANDERS PEIRCE 1007 The Fixation of Belief 1009
WILLIAM JAMES 1019 Pragmatism (Lecture II: What Pragmatism Means) 1021
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE 1033 The Birth of Tragedy (Chapters 1–3) 1037 The Gay Science (selections) 1043 Twilight of the Idols (selections) 1045 The Anti-Christ (First Book, 2–7, 62) 1057
TWENTIETH-CENTURY PHILOSOPHY 1061
EDMUND HUSSERL 1065 Phenomenology (Encyclopaedia Brittanica article) 1068
W.E.B. DU BOIS 1076 The Souls of Black Folks (Chapter 1) 1079
BERTRAND RUSSELL 1085 The Problems of Philosophy (Chapters 1 & 15) 1088
MARTIN HEIDEGGER 1096 Introduction to Metaphysics (Chapter 1: “The Fundamental Question of Metaphysics”) 1101
LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN 1127 Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (Preface Sections 1–3.1431,4, 4.06, 4.1, 5, 5.6, 6.4–7) 1131 Philosophical Investigations (Paragraphs 1–47, 65–71, 241, 257–258, 305, 309) 1139
JEAN-PAUL SARTRE 1156 Existentialism Is a Humanism 1160
SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR 1174 The Second Sex (Introduction) 1177
WILLARD VAN ORMAN QUINE 1189 Two Dogmas of Empiricism 1192
JACQUES DERRIDA 1207 Of Grammatology (“The Written Being/The Being Written”) 1210
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