Secondary Instructional Methods

by Moore, Kenneth D.; Quinn, Cheri

• ISBN13: 9780697117922
• ISBN10: 0697117928
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1994-10-01
• Publisher: McGraw Hill College Div

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
PART 1 Foundations
The Secondary School	2	(24)
Overview	2	(1)
Objectives	3	(1)
Evolution and Organization	4	(13)
Early Colonial Education	4	(2)
Early Secondary Education	6	(1)
Changing Focus	7	(2)
Current Trends in Secondary Education	9	(1)
Modern Secondary Education	10	(1)
Control of Schools	11	(1)
Expectations and Standards	11	(1)
Purposes of Secondary Education	12	(5)
Curricular Imperatives and Successful Teaching	17	(8)
Program Requirements	18	(1)
General Education	19	(1)
Exploratory Education	19	(1)
Career Education	19	(1)
State and Regional Accreditation	20	(1)
Students	20	(2)
Students Performance	22	(1)
A Model of Teaching	22	(3)
Chapter Summary	25	(1)
Discussion Questions and Activities	25	(1)
Students, Teaching, and Learning	26	(28)
Overview	26	(1)
Objectives	27	(1)
Adolescent Development	28	(6)
Psychobiological Development	28	(3)
Psychosocial Development	31	(1)
Cognitive Development	32	(1)
Sensorimotor Stage	32	(1)
Preoperational Stage	32	(1)
Concrete Operational Stage	32	(1)
Formal Operational Stage	33	(1)
Issues in Adolescence	34	(4)
Apathy	34	(1)
Delinquency	35	(1)
Drug and Alcohol Use	36	(1)
Working Adolescents	36	(1)
Pregnancy	37	(1)
Emotional Disorders	37	(1)
Teaching	38	(5)
Teaching As an Art and a Science	39	(1)
Effective Teaching	39	(1)
Effective Organization	40	(1)
Time in Schools and Classrooms	41	(2)
Learning	43	(9)
Behavioral Learning Theories	43	(2)
Cognitive Learning Theories	45	(1)
Information-Processing Theory	45	(2)
Learning Theories and Teaching Styles	47	(1)
Student Learning Style	48	(1)
Teaching Students to Learn	49	(3)
Chapter Summary	52	(1)
Discussion Questions and Activities	52	(2)
PART 2 Preparing for Instruction
Identifying and Organizing Content	54	(24)
Overview	54	(1)
Objectives	55	(1)
The Curriculum	56	(2)
Explicit Curriculum	56	(2)
Hidden Curriculum	58	(1)
Extracurriculum	58	(1)
Curriculum Structure	58	(3)
Subject-Centered Curriculum	59	(1)
Student-Centered Curriculum	60	(1)
Curriculum Selection	61	(8)
Needs of Students	61	(1)
Initial Diagnosis Phase	62	(1)
Continuous Diagnosis Phase	63	(1)
Diagnostic Tools	63	(2)
Needs of Society	65	(2)
Needs Derived from the Subject	67	(2)
Selection of Content	69	(3)
Imitative-Maintenance Level	69	(1)
Mediative Level	70	(1)
Creative-Generative Level	71	(1)
Planning the Course	72	(4)
Chapter Summary	76	(1)
Discussion Questions and Activities	76	(2)
Goals and Objectives	78	(26)
Overview	78	(1)
Objectives	79	(1)
Rationale for Objectives	80	(3)
Instructional Framework	80	(1)
Communication of Intent	80	(1)
Teacher Accountability	81	(2)
Objectives Specificity	83	(1)
Stating Objectives	84	(5)
Instructional Objectives	85	(1)
Element One: Performance	85	(1)
Element Two: Product	86	(1)
Element Three: Conditions	86	(1)
Element Four: Criteria	87	(1)
Informational Objectives	88	(1)
Communication of Objectives	89	(2)
Taxonomies of Objectives	91	(11)
Cognitive Domain	92	(1)
Level One: Knowledge	93	(1)
Level Two: Comprehension	93	(1)
Level Three: Application	94	(1)
Level Four: Analysis	94	(1)
Level Five: Synthesis	94	(1)
Level Six: Evaluation	94	(1)
Affective Domain	95	(2)
Level One: Receiving	97	(1)
Level Two: Responding	97	(1)
Level Three: Valuing	97	(1)
Level Four: Organization	98	(1)
Level Five: Characterization by a Value or Value Complex	98	(1)
Psychomotor Domain	98	(1)
Level One: Fundamental Movement	98	(1)
Level Two: Generic Movement	99	(1)
Level Three: Ordinative Movement	100	(1)
Level Four: Creative Movement	100	(2)
Chapter Summary	102	(1)
Discussion Question and Activities	102	(2)
Unit and Daily Planning	104	(32)
Overview	104	(1)
Objectives	105	(1)
Planning Instruction	106	(10)
Team Planning	106	(1)
Teacher-Student Planning	107	(1)
Instructional Materials	108	(1)
Students with Special needs	108	(1)
Course Planning	109	(1)
Unit Planning	109	(3)
Weekly Plans	112	(1)
Daily Lesson Plans	112	(1)
Postlesson Evaluation	113	(1)
Lesson Formats	113	(3)
Lesson Plan Structure	116	(17)
Set Induction	117	(8)
Strategies and Procedures	125	(1)
Methodology Selection	126	(2)
Procedure Selection	128	(1)
Closure	129	(2)
Lesson Planning for Everyday use	131	(1)
Reflective Teaching	131	(2)
Chapter Summary	133	(1)
Discussion Questions and Activities	134	(2)
Instructional-Media Learning Tools	136	(32)
Overview	136	(1)
Objectives	137	(1)
General Instructional-Media Selection Guidelines	138	(1)
Printed Materials	139	(5)
Textbooks	140	(2)
Programmed Textbooks	142	(2)
Nonprojection Verbal and Visual Experiences	144	(5)
Display Materials	144	(1)
Chalkboards	144	(2)
Bulletin Boards	146	(2)
Flat Pictures	148	(1)
Projected Verbal and Visual Experiences	149	(16)
Still Projected Materials	149	(1)
Overhead Transparencies	149	(3)
Filmstrips	152	(1)
Slides	153	(1)
Motion Pictures and Video/Television	154	(4)
Videodisc and Interactive Video Technology	158	(1)
Computers	159	(2)
Computer-Managed Instruction	161	(1)
Computer-Assisted Instruction	162	(3)
Chapter Summary	165	(1)
Discussion Questions and Activities	166	(2)
Direct Teaching Methods	168	(30)
Overview	168	(1)
Objectives	169	(2)
Exposition Teaching	171	(8)
Lecture	171	(1)
Strengths of the Lecture	171	(1)
Weaknesses of the Lecture	172	(1)
Variants of the Lecture	173	(1)
Telelecture	173	(1)
Textbook Lecture	173	(1)
Prerecorded Lecture	174	(1)
Planning the Lecture	174	(1)
Presenting the Lecture	175	(1)
Tempo	175	(1)
Audiovisual Aids	175	(1)
Stimulus Variation	176	(1)
Voice and Language	177	(1)
Balancing the Lecture	177	(2)
Exposition with Interaction Teaching	179	(12)
The Art of Questioning	179	(1)
Levels of Questions	179	(1)
Convergent and Divergent Questions	180	(1)
Mental Operation Questions	181	(2)
Types of Questions	183	(1)
Focusing Questions	184	(1)
Prompting Questions	184	(1)
Probing Questions	185	(1)
Questioning Techniques	186	(1)
Redirecting	186	(1)
Wait-Time	187	(1)
Halting Time	188	(1)
Reinforcement	188	(1)
Tips on Questioning	189	(1)
Lecture Recitation	190	(1)
Textbook Recitation	190	(1)
The Socratic Method	190	(1)
The Demonstration Method	191	(4)
Chapter Summary	195	(2)
Discussion Questions and Activities	197	(1)
Indirect Teaching Methods	198	(36)
Overview	198	(1)
Objectives	199	(1)
The Discussion Method	200	(9)
Planning the Discussion	202	(1)
Whole-Class Discussions	203	(1)
Small-Group Discussions	204	(1)
Brainstorming	205	(1)
Buzz Group	206	(1)
Task Group	206	(1)
Variants of the Discussion	206	(1)
Panels	206	(1)
Debates	207	(1)
Role-Playing	208	(1)
Cooperative Learning	209	(1)
Heuristic Methods	209	(13)
Problem Solving	210	(1)
Levels of Problem Solving	211	(1)
Discovery Learning	212	(1)
Discovery Learning Strategies	213	(2)
Benefits of Discovery Learning	215	(1)
Limitations of Discovery Learning	215	(1)
Inquiry Learning	216	(1)
Inquiry Learning Strategies	216	(1)
Suchman Inquiry Learning	217	(1)
Suchman Sessions	217	(1)
Benefits of Inquiry Learning	218	(1)
Limitations of Inquiry Learning	219	(1)
Simulations and Games	219	(3)
The Teacher's Role	222	(1)
Classroom Environment	222	(3)
Individualized Strategies	225	(4)
Individualized Instruction	225	(2)
Independent Study	227	(1)
Mastery Learning	227	(1)
Effectiveness of Individualization	228	(1)
Drill and Practice	229	(2)
Chapter Summary	231	(1)
Discussion Questions and Activities	232	(2)
Teaching Learning Strategies	234	(24)
Overview	234	(1)
Objectives	235	(1)
Responsibility	236	(2)
Thinking Skills	238	(1)
Categories of Thinking	239	(6)
Critical Thinking	240	(1)
Creative Thinking	241	(1)
Creative Difficulties	242	(3)
Thinking-Skills Instruction	245	(10)
The Separate Approach	245	(1)
The Infusion Approach	246	(1)
Critical Thinking Instruction	246	(3)
Thinking-Skills Activities	249	(1)
Brainstorming	249	(1)
Flexible Thinking	250	(1)
Forecasting	250	(1)
Inductive Thinking	251	(1)
Making Inferences	251	(1)
Logical Thinking	251	(1)
Deductive Thinking	252	(1)
Problem Solving	252	(1)
Decision Making	253	(2)
Chapter Summary	255	(2)
Discussion Questions and Activities	257	(1)
Evaluation and Measurement	258	(32)
Overview	258	(1)
Objectives	259	(3)
Evaluation Types	262	(3)
Diagnostic Evaluation	263	(1)
Formative Evaluation	264	(1)
Summative Evaluation	265	(1)
Systems of Evaluation	265	(4)
Competitive Evaluation	266	(1)
Standard Scores and Percentile	267	(1)
Noncompetitive Evaluation	268	(1)
Performance Assessment Using Portfolios	268	(1)
Problems with Evaluation	269	(1)
Measurement Accuracy	270	(2)
Reliability	270	(1)
Validity	271	(1)
Usability	272	(1)
Information Sources	272	(9)
Cumulative Record	274	(1)
Personal Contact	275	(2)
Analysis	277	(1)
Open-Ended Themes and Diaries	278	(1)
Conferences	279	(1)
Testing	280	(1)
Objective Observation	281	(6)
Rating Scales	281	(1)
Checklists	282	(1)
Questionnaires	283	(4)
Chapter Summary	287	(1)
Discussion Questions and Activities	288	(2)
Test Construction and Grading	290	(28)
Overview	290	(1)
Objectives	291	(1)
Types of Tests	292	(12)
Standardized Tests	292	(2)
Teacher-Made Tests	294	(2)
Alternate-Choice Items	296	(1)
Multiple-Choice Items	297	(2)
Matching	299	(2)
Completion	301	(1)
Essay	302	(2)
Quizzes	304	(1)
Published Test Banks	304	(1)
Grading Systems	305	(4)
Absolute Grading Standards	307	(1)
Relative Grading Standards	308	(1)
Assigning Final Grades	309	(5)
Point Grading System	309	(1)
Weighted Grading System	310	(1)
Percentage System	311	(1)
Contracting for Grades	311	(3)
Chapter Summary	314	(1)
Discussion Questions and Activities	315	(3)
PART 3 Implementation of Instruction
Communication	318	(24)
Overview	318	(1)
Objectives	319	(1)
The Communication Process	320	(20)
Verbal Communication	322	(1)
The Verbal Component	322	(1)
The Vocal Component	323	(1)
The Metaverbal Component	324	(1)
Nonverbal communication	324	(1)
Facial Language	325	(1)
Body Language	326	(1)
The Language of Space and Motion	327	(2)
The Language of Time	329	(1)
The Language of Voice	329	(2)
Listening	331	(1)
Hearing	332	(1)
Attending	332	(1)
Understanding	333	(1)
Remembering	334	(2)
Styles of Listening	336	(1)
One-Way Listening	336	(1)
Two-Way Listening	336	(1)
Empathic Listening	337	(1)
Listening Feedback	338	(2)
Chapter Summary	340	(1)
Discussion Questions and Activities	340	(2)
Motivation	342	(24)
Overview	342	(1)
Objectives	343	(1)
Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation	344	(1)
The Cognitive Approach to Motivation	345	(3)
Student Attitude	345	(1)
Student Needs	346	(1)
Natural Motives	347	(1)
The Stimulation Approach to Motivation	348	(9)
Classroom Atmosphere	348	(1)
Leadership Style	348	(1)
Physical Environment	349	(1)
Communication	349	(1)
Modeling	350	(1)
Stimulating Interest	351	(2)
Set Induction	353	(1)
Motivational Methods	354	(1)
Teacher Expectations	355	(2)
The Reinforcement Approach to Motivation	357	(7)
Positive versus Negative Reinforcement	358	(1)
Reinforcement Techniques	358	(1)
Vicarious Motivation	359	(1)
Feedback as Motivator	359	(1)
Reward Mechanisms	360	(1)
Contingency Contracts	361	(3)
Chapter Summary	364	(1)
Discussion Questions and Activities	365	(1)
Reading	366	(36)
Overview	366	(1)
Objectives	367	(1)
Reading Problems	368	(2)
Diagnostic Strategies	370	(6)
Student Reading Levels	370	(1)
Identifying Reading Levels	371	(1)
Oral and Silent Reading Assessments	371	(2)
The Cloze Procedure	373	(3)
Content-Area Reading Inventory	376	(1)
Content Reading Strategies	376	(15)
Before-Reading Strategies	376	(5)
During-Reading Strategies	381	(5)
After-Reading Strategies	386	(5)
Secondary School Textbooks	391	(3)
Structure of the Textbook	392	(1)
Using the Textbook	393	(1)
Textbook Adoption	393	(1)
Evaluation of Textbooks	394	(1)
Workbooks, Duplicated Materials, and Newspapers	394	(6)
Chapter Summary	400	(1)
Discussion Questions and Activities	400	(2)
Classroom Management	402	(30)
Overview	402	(1)
Objectives	403	(1)
The Role of Classroom Management	404	(1)
Approaches to Classroom Management	404	(7)
Self-Discipline Approach	404	(1)
Reality Therapy	405	(1)
Teacher Effectiveness Training (TET)	406	(1)
Instructional Approach	407	(1)
The Kounin Model	407	(1)
The Jones Model	408	(1)
Desist Approach	409	(1)
Assertive Discipline	410	(1)
Behaviour Modification	410	(1)
Causes of Misbehavior	411	(5)
Home Environment	412	(2)
The Teacher	414	(1)
Personality and Health Problems	415	(1)
Organizing for Effective Management	416	(5)
Planning	416	(1)
Establishing Routines	416	(2)
Managing Space	418	(2)
Establishing Usable Limits	420	(1)
Managing the Class	421	(8)
Getting Started	421	(1)
Know the Students	422	(1)
Enforcement of Rules	423	(1)
Monitoring	424	(1)
Punishment	424	(5)
Chapter Summary	429	(1)
Discussion Questions and Activities	429	(3)
PART 4 The Profession
Recent Directions in Secondary Education	432	(19)
Overview	432	(1)
Objectives	433	(1)
Recent Trends	434	(10)
Social Influences	434	(1)
Accountability	434	(1)
Political Influences	435	(2)
Educational Influences	437	(1)
Reflective Teaching	437	(1)
Mentoring	438	(1)
Professional Organizations	438	(1)
Growth as a Professional	439	(1)
Staff Development	439	(1)
Technological Influences	440	(4)
Reform and the Future	444	(5)
Competing Expectations	444	(2)
Changing Standards	446	(1)
Teacher Preparation and Performance	446	(1)
Pursuing Reform	447	(2)
Chapter Summary	449	(1)
Discussion Questions and Activities	449	(2)
Appendix A - Answer Keys	451	(10)
Appendix B - Laboratory Experiences: Microteaching and Reflective Teaching	461	(10)
Glossary	471	(8)
Bibliography	479	(8)
Index	487