Secondary and Middle School Teaching Methods

by Clark, Leonard H.; Starr, Irvin S.

• ISBN13: 9780023228711
• ISBN10: 0023228717
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1995-07-11
• Publisher: Pearson
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Summary

The seventh edition of this comprehensive secondary and middle school methods book continues to focus on planning, implementing, and evaluating but has been updated to include the latest research and developments in secondary and middle school eduation. Continues to emphasize principles and guidelines over "recipes."

Table of Contents

Introduction to Teaching Methods	1	(18)
Overview	2	(1)
The Challenge	2	(6)
The Communications Problem	3	(1)
The Management Problem	4	(1)
Teaching as an Art Form	5	(1)
Reflective Teaching	5	(2)
Some Definitions	7	(1)
The Elements of Teaching Methods	8	(6)
Objectives	8	(1)
Subject Matter	9	(2)
Teaching Strategies and Tactics	11	(3)
A Pattern for Teaching	14	(5)
Diagnosing the Learning Situation	14	(1)
Preparing the Setting for Learning	14	(1)
Guiding the Learning Activities	15	(1)
Evaluating Students' Learning	15	(1)
Following Through	15	(1)
The Pattern's Fluidity	16	(1)
Summary	16	(1)
Additional Reading	17	(1)
Notes	18	(1)
Students and How They Learn	19	(24)
Overview	20	(1)
The Students	20	(6)
Adolescence	20	(4)
Some Problems of Adolescence	24	(2)
How Students Learn	26	(17)
Causes for Not Learning	26	(1)
Learning Styles	27	(1)
Learning How to Learn	28	(1)
Learning and the Brain	28	(2)
Verbalism versus Knowing	30	(1)
Building Understanding	31	(1)
Building Skills	32	(1)
Teaching Attitudes, Appreciations, and Ideals	32	(1)
Readiness	33	(1)
Transfer and Retention	33	(1)
Learning in Groups	34	(4)
Time on Task	38	(1)
Teaching Styles and Teacher Goals	38	(1)
Summary	39	(1)
Additional Reading	39	(1)
Notes	40	(3)
Motivation	43	(26)
Overview	44	(1)
The Nature of Motivation	44	(1)
The Complexity of Motivation	44	(1)
How to Motivate Students	45	(24)
Cultivating Self-Esteem	46	(1)
Providing a Favorable Climate	47	(2)
Making Learning Seem Worthwhile	49	(1)
Utilizing Present Motives	49	(5)
Getting Set	54	(1)
Assignments	55	(4)
Keeping Classes Lively	59	(1)
Providing Challenging, Not Discouraging, Work	59	(6)
Summary	65	(1)
Additional Reading	66	(1)
Notes	66	(3)
Classroom Management and Discipline	69	(30)
Overview	70	(1)
Some Definitions	70	(2)
Building the Classroom Climate	72	(2)
Reasonable Control	72	(1)
Teacher Personality and Classroom Atmosphere	72	(2)
Diffusely Structuring the Class	74	(1)
Organizing for Classroom Management	74	(4)
Planning	74	(1)
Arranging the Setting	74	(1)
Setting Up Routines	75	(1)
Establishing Rules	76	(2)
Managing the Class	78	(5)
Getting Off to a Good Start	78	(1)
Keeping the Class Moving	78	(1)
Some Specific Suggestions	79	(4)
Disciplinary Techniques	83	(7)
Preventive Discipline	83	(1)
Enforcing Rules	84	(5)
Dealing with Minor Disturbances	89	(1)
Sending Students to the Office	89	(1)
Dealing with Major Offenses	89	(1)
Helping Students with Problems	90	(1)
Direct Instruction	90	(1)
Student Rights	91	(1)
Building Self-Discipline	92	(7)
Summary	92	(3)
Additional Reading	95	(1)
Notes	96	(3)
Planning for Teaching	99	(30)
Overview	100	(1)
Diagnosis	100	(1)
Initial Diagnosis	101	(2)
Continuing Diagnosis	103	(1)
The Tools of Diagnosis	103	(1)
The Objectives	104	(12)
General and Specific Objectives	104	(1)
Overt and Covert Objectives	104	(1)
The Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor Domains	105	(5)
Setting Up the Objectives	110	(5)
Student Objectives	115	(1)
The Learning Activities	116	(3)
Selecting the Learning Activities	116	(3)
Implications	119	(1)
Team Planning	119	(1)
Teacher-Pupil Planning	120	(4)
Introducing Teacher-Pupil Planning to a Class	122	(1)
Discussion Techniques in Teacher-Pupil Planning	122	(2)
Resources for the Planner	124	(5)
Summary	124	(2)
Additional Reading	126	(1)
Notes	126	(3)
Course, Unit, and Lesson Planning	129	(42)
Overview	130	(1)
Course Planning	130	(2)
Textbook and Course Planning	131	(1)
Three Steps in Course Planning	131	(1)
The Course Calendar	131	(1)
Continuous-Progress Modulated Courses	131	(1)
Unit Planning	132	(12)
Planning an Ordinary Unit	132	(3)
Planning Laboratory Units	135	(7)
Learning Activity Packets	142	(1)
The Contract Plan	143	(1)
Lesson Planning	144	(10)
Preparing the Lesson Plan	145	(1)
The Lesson Plan Format	145	(7)
Using Plan Books	152	(1)
Following the Plan	152	(2)
Alternative Lesson Plan Formats	154	(3)
Format 1	154	(1)
Format 2	154	(1)
Format 3	154	(1)
Formats 4 and 5	155	(2)
Format 6	157	(1)
A Sample Learning Activity Packet	157	(14)
Instructions for Use of This Packet	157	(4)
Packet 1 Colonial America and the French and Indian War	161	(4)
Annex A	165	(1)
Annex B (Content Outline)	166	(1)
Summary	167	(2)
Additional Reading	169	(1)
Notes	169	(2)
Direct Expository Approaches	171	(28)
Overview	172	(1)
Student-Teacher Interaction	172	(1)
Direct Teaching	172	(1)
Teacher Talks and Lectures	173	(5)
Making It Clear	174	(1)
Making It Interesting	175	(1)
Not Too Much Too Fast	175	(1)
The Formal Lecture	176	(2)
Informal Teacher Talks	178	(1)
Demonstrations	178	(1)
Questions	179	(10)
Use of Questions	179	(1)
The Right Question	180	(1)
Four Basic Criteria	180	(2)
Techniques of Good Questioning	182	(6)
Handling Student Questions	188	(1)
Recitations	189	(1)
Open-Text Recitation	189	(1)
Practice and Review	190	(9)
The Value of Repetition	190	(1)
Practice and Drill	191	(3)
Individualizing Practice	194	(1)
Review	195	(1)
Summary	195	(2)
Additional Reading	197	(1)
Notes	197	(2)
Group and Discussion Methods	199	(32)
Overview	200	(1)
Discussion	200	(12)
Characteristics of a Good Discussion	200	(1)
Advantages of True Discussions	201	(1)
Conducting Discussions	202	(9)
Discussion and Thinking	211	(1)
Panels and Debates	212	(5)
When to Use Panels and Debates	213	(1)
Conducting Panels, Symposia, Round Tables, and Forums	214	(1)
Conducting Debate	215	(1)
Conducting British-Style Debate	216	(1)
The Jury Trial Technique	216	(1)
Speech	217	(1)
Oral Reading	218	(1)
Small Groups, Cooperative Learning Teams, and Committees	218	(13)
Launching Small-Group Work	219	(1)
Buzz Groups	219	(1)
The Fishbowl Technique	220	(1)
Student Teams	221	(1)
The Working Committee	221	(5)
Special-Interest Groups	226	(1)
Some Caveats	227	(1)
Summary	228	(1)
Additional Reading	228	(1)
Notes	229	(2)
Thinking and Inquiring	231	(30)
Overview	232	(1)
Teaching Thinking Skills	232	(5)
Students' Thinking Faults	233	(1)
Teaching Thinking Directly	233	(2)
Scaffolds	235	(2)
Inquiry Teaching	237	(9)
Inductive Lesson	238	(1)
The Socratic Method	239	(1)
Controlled or Guided Discussion	240	(1)
Springboard Techniques	240	(1)
The Problem-Solving Approach	241	(3)
The Case-Study Method	244	(1)
The Project	245	(1)
Teaching Controversial Issues	246	(3)
Selecting the Controversial Issue	247	(1)
Some Useful Strategies and Tactics	248	(1)
Role Playing and Simulation Games	249	(4)
Role Playing	249	(3)
Simulation Games	252	(1)
Studying the Community	253	(3)
Community Surveys	253	(2)
Community Service and Action Learning	255	(1)
Securing Administrative Approval	255	(1)
Writing	256	(5)
Summary	257	(1)
Additional Reading	258	(2)
Notes	260	(1)
Providing for Individual Differences	261	(22)
Overview	262	(1)
Administrative Provisions for Differences in Students	262	(1)
Matching Teaching Styles to Learning Styles	263	(1)
Differentiating Assignments	264	(3)
The Differentiated Assignment	264	(2)
Grouping Within the Classroom	266	(1)
Individualizing Instruction	267	(11)
Acceleration and Enrichment	267	(1)
Continuous Progress Plans	268	(1)
Mastery Learning	269	(1)
Completely Differentiating the Work	270	(1)
Conducting the Class as a Laboratory	271	(1)
Other Individualized Instruction Schemes	271	(6)
Finding Time for Individual Instruction	277	(1)
The Need for a Variety of Materials	278	(1)
Remedial Teaching	278	(5)
Summary	279	(1)
Additional Reading	280	(1)
Notes	281	(2)
Student Diversity	283	(28)
Overview	284	(1)
Teaching Gifted and Talented Learners	284	(6)
Definitions	284	(1)
Identifying Students Who Are Gifted and Talented	285	(1)
Teaching Students Who Are Gifted and Talented	286	(3)
Creative Students	289	(1)
Helping Gifted Underachievers	289	(1)
Managing Cultural Diversity	290	(9)
The Socioeconomically Disadvantaged	290	(5)
Multicultural Groups	295	(4)
Eliminating Sexual Bias	299	(1)
Teaching At-Risk Students	299	(2)
Teaching Students With Disabilities	301	(10)
Federal Law Pl 94-142	302	(1)
Learners With Mild Disabilities	303	(2)
Other Learners With Disabilities	305	(1)
Summary	306	(1)
Additional Reading	307	(2)
Notes	309	(2)
Reading and Studying	311	(38)
Overview	312	(1)
Vocabulary Building	312	(3)
Textbooks	315	(4)
Using Textbooks	315	(1)
Teaching Students to Use the Textbook	316	(1)
Matching Reading Levels	317	(2)
Reading and Studying	319	(2)
Teaching How to Study	320	(1)
Developing Comprehension Skills	321	(5)
Teaching Students to Read with Purpose	322	(1)
Locating the Main Idea and Supporting Details	322	(1)
Teaching Organizational Patterns	323	(1)
Teaching Students to Utilize What They Know	324	(1)
Adjusting Reading Speed	324	(1)
Teaching Students to Read Critically	325	(1)
Teaching Students to Study Independently	326	(5)
A General Study Plan for Readers Who Are At-Risk	326	(1)
Directed-Reading Lesson	327	(2)
Learning to Budget Time for Study	329	(1)
Multiple Resources	330	(1)
Other Printed and Duplicated Materials	331	(2)
Pamphlets and Brochures	331	(1)
Workbooks	331	(1)
Duplicated Material	332	(1)
Paperback Books	332	(1)
The Classroom Library	333	(1)
Teaching Students to Take Notes	333	(1)
Sources of Teaching Materials	334	(5)
Free and Inexpensive Materials	335	(1)
Making Your Own Materials	335	(1)
The Community as a Resource	336	(3)
Homework	339	(10)
What Kind of Homework?	339	(1)
Making Homework Assignments	340	(1)
How Much Homework?	341	(1)
Evaluating Homework	342	(1)
Supervised Study	343	(1)
Summary	344	(2)
Additional Reading	346	(1)
Notes	347	(2)
Educational Technologies	349	(28)
Overview	350	(1)
Audiovisual Media	350	(12)
Uses of Audiovisual Media	350	(1)
Making the Most of the Medium	350	(1)
Selecting the Audiovisual Material	351	(1)
Planning to Use the Materials	351	(1)
Preparing for the Audiovisual Activity	351	(1)
Guiding Students Through Audiovisual Activities	352	(1)
Following Up Audiovisual Activities	352	(1)
Kinds of Audiovisual Materials	353	(5)
Homemade Visual Aids	358	(1)
Television	359	(2)
Selecting Television Programs	361	(1)
Computers and Teaching Programs	362	(15)
Computer Classroom Roles	364	(1)
Learning about Computers	364	(1)
Learning from Computers	365	(1)
Learning with Computers	366	(2)
Learning to Think with Computers	368	(1)
Managing Instruction with Computers	369	(1)
Planning Computer Activities	370	(3)
Ethical Considerations	373	(1)
Summary	373	(1)
Additional Reading	374	(1)
Notes	375	(2)
Classroom Evaluation	377	(42)
Overview	378	(1)
Background	379	(1)
Definitions	379	(1)
A Caveat	379	(1)
Evaluation in Units and Courses	380	(3)
Objectives and Evaluation	380	(1)
Preparing an Evaluation Plan	380	(1)
Selecting the Right Instrument	380	(1)
Summative, Formative, or Diagnostic Evaluation	381	(1)
Criteria for a Good Measuring Device	381	(2)
Carrying Out the Plan	383	(1)
Tools for Assessment	383	(12)
Performance Assessment	383	(5)
Themes, Notebooks, Homework, and Recitation	388	(1)
Portfolios	388	(1)
Self-Evaluation Techniques	389	(2)
Tests	391	(4)
Building Classroom Tests	395	(9)
General Procedures for Test Construction	395	(1)
Building an Objective Test	396	(7)
Building an Essay Test	403	(1)
Building Criterion-Referenced Tests	404	(1)
Assessing Attitudes, Ideals, and Appreciations	404	(1)
Administering and Scoring Teacher-Built Tests	404	(3)
Giving the Test	404	(1)
Scoring the Essay Test	405	(1)
Scoring the Objective Test	405	(2)
Evaluating Teacher-Built Tests	407	(3)
Analyzing Test Items	407	(1)
Analysis of Criterion-Referenced Tests	408	(1)
Diagnostic Item Analysis	409	(1)
Standardized Tests, Scales, and Inventories	410	(9)
Kinds of Standardized Tests	410	(1)
Selecting a Standardized Test	411	(1)
Administering a Standardized Test	411	(4)
Summary	415	(2)
Additional Reading	417	(1)
Notes	417	(2)
Marking and Reporting to Parents	419	(28)
Overview	420	(1)
Marks and Marking	420	(18)
Criticism of Marking Systems	420	(2)
Marking Tests	422	(2)
Assigning Marks	424	(2)
Term and Course Marks	426	(12)
Reporting to Parents	438	(3)
The Right to Know	438	(1)
Report Cards	438	(1)
Supplementary Reports	439	(2)
Promotion	441	(6)
Continuous Progress	441	(1)
Setting Standards for Promotion	441	(3)
Summary	444	(1)
Additional Reading	445	(1)
Notes	446	(1)
The Professional Teacher (Epilogue)	447	(6)
Additional Reading	450	(1)
Notes	451	(2)
Appendix A Student Teaching and Internship	453	(10)
Appendix B Getting Established	463	(6)
Index	469