Security Aspects of Uni- and Multimodal Hazmat Transportation Systems

by Reniers, Genserik L. L.; Zamparini, Luca

• ISBN13: 9783527329908
• ISBN10: 3527329900
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-04-16
• Publisher: Wiley-VCH

Summary

Written in a clear language, for use by managers and decision-makers, this practical guide to the hot topic is unique in treating the security aspects of hazmat transportation from both a uni-modal as well as a multi-modal perspective. To begin with, each transport mode and its relation to security vulnerability, analyses, figures, and approaches is discussed separately. Secondly, the optimization process of a hazmat supply chain is examined from a holistic, integrated viewpoint. Finally, the book discusses and compares the various hazmat transport security policies and strategies adopted in various regions around the world. The result is a must-have source of high-quality information including many case studies.

Author Biography

Censerik Renters obtained a Master's degree in chemical engineering at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and received his PhD in Applied Economic Sciences from the University of Antwerp, both in Belgium. He lectures amongst others in chemistry, organic chemistry, chemical process technology, and technological risk management at the University of Antwerp. At the Hogeschool Universiteit (HUB) in Brussels he lectures as a Tenured Professor in prevention management, advanced occupational health and safety management and industrial processes. His main research interests concern the collaboration surrounding safety and security topics and socio-economic optimization within the chemical industry. He coordinates the Antwerp Research Croup on Safety and Security, unifying multi-disciplinary safety and security research at the University of Antwerp. He serves as an Associate Editor for the internationally renowned Journals Safety Science and Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. Luca Zamparini obtained a Master of Science in Economics at the London School of Economics and Political Science and a PhD in Economics and Institutions at the University of Bologna. He is currently Associate Professor of Economics at the Faculty of Social, Political and Regional Studies of the University of Salento. He is also Tenured Professor of International Organizations and Development and coordinator of the course in Development and Transport Infrastructures for the Master in Development, Innovation and Change organized by the University of Bologna. Transport Economics is his main research field, with a particular specialization in the economic estimation of transport qualitative attributes and in transport security. He has taught Economics of Transport and Logistics for the Master in Law and Economics of Transport and Logistics at the University of Bologna.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. XV
List of Contributors	p. XVII
Introductory Section	p. 1
Editorial Introduction	p. 3
History, Importance, and Economic Aspects of Hazmat Transportation	p. 5
Security of Hazmat Transportation: Unimodal Perspectives	p. 6
Security of Hazmat Transportation: Multimodal Perspectives	p. 7
Security of Hazmat Transportation: International Policies and Practices	p. 8
Bibliography	p. 8
History and Importance of Hazmat Transportation	p. 9
Introduction	p. 9
History of Hazrnat-Transportation Research	p. 11
Importance of Research on Hazmat Transportation and Associated Risks	p. 12
Conclusions	p. 14
Bibliography	p. 14
Economic Issues in Hazmat Transportation	p. 17
Introduction	p. 17
Hazmat Transportation in the United States and in the European Union	p. 17
Models of Hazmat Transport	p. 22
Risk Assessment in Hazmat Transport	p. 22
Routing/Scheduling and Hazmat Transport	p. 23
Allocation Problem in Hazmat Transport	p. 24
Concluding Remarks	p. 24
Bibliography	p. 24
Security of Hazmat Transports: Unimodal Perspectives	p. 27
Security of Hazmat Transports by Road	p. 29
Introduction	p. 29
Hazmat Truck Types	p. 30
Security-Sensitive Materials	p. 33
Carrier Responsibility	p. 33
General Security Issues	p. 34
Risk Assessment	p. 35
Attack Profiles	p. 35
Planning an Attack	p. 36
Training	p. 36
Personnel Security	p. 37
Unauthorized Access	p. 38
En Route Security	p. 40
Driver Responsibilities	p. 42
Technology Solutions	p. 42
Motor-Carrier Enforcement	p. 45
Shipper and Consignee Responsibility	p. 45
Motor-Carrier Enforcement	p. 45
Law Enforcement and Emergency Response	p. 46
Community Vigilance	p. 46
Security-Related Events	p. 47
Conclusions	p. 47
Bibliography	p. 48
Security Aspects of Hazmat Transport Using Railroad	p. 49
Introduction	p. 49
Railroad Transportation System	p. 51
Risk Assessment	p. 53
Probability of Attack	p. 55
Consequence	p. 56
Probability of Targeting Hazmat Railcars	p. 57
Hazmat Volume	p. 57
Route Risk	p. 59
Risk Management	p. 60
Steps Taken	p. 60
Information Sharing and Coordination	p. 60
Policing and Surveillance	p. 61
Routing of Hazmat	p. 61
Further Measures	p. 61
Interdiction Models	p. 61
Tank-Car Design	p. 62
Shipment Routing	p. 63
Conclusion	p. 66
Acknowledgment	p. 67
Bibliography	p. 67
Security of Hazmat Transports by Inland Waterways	p. 71
Introduction	p. 71
Transport of Hazardous Materials by Inland Waterways-Current Legislation	p. 72
Incidents on Inland Waterways	p. 73
Security of Inland Waterways and Ports-Current Practices	p. 74
Proposals for Security Improvements on Inland Waterways	p. 77
Proposals for Improvements of Inland Ports' Security	p. 85
Conclusion	p. 87
Bibliography	p. 88
Consulted Web Sites	p. 89
Security of Hazmat Transports by Pipeline	p. 91
Introduction	p. 91
Hazmat Pipeline Infrastructure Around the World	p. 91
Security Risks to Hazmat Pipelines	p. 93
Commodity Theft from Pipelines	p. 94
Global Terrorist Attacks on Pipelines	p. 94
Costs and Impacts of Pipeline Security Incidents	p. 97
Responding to Pipeline Security Threats	p. 98
US Pipeline Security after September 11, 2001	p. 99
Pipeline Operator Security Programs	p. 99
Security Initiatives of the U.S. Department of Transportation	p. 101
Transportation Security Administration and Pipeline Security	p. 102
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission	p. 106
Policy Issues in Hazmat Pipeline Security	p. 107
Security Threat Information	p. 108
Identifying Critical Pipeline Facilities	p. 108
International Cooperation in Pipeline Security	p. 109
Conclusions	p. 109
Bibliography	p. 110
Security of Hazmat Transports: Multimodal Perspectives	p. 115
Mulitmodal Transport: Historical Evolution and Logistics Framework	p. 117
Introduction	p. 117
Evolution of Multimodal Transport in the European Union, in the United States and in Asia	p. 118
Multimodal Transport in the European Union	p. 118
Multimodal Transport in the United States	p. 120
Multimodal Transport in the ASEAN Countries	p. 122
Problem Statement	p. 123
The Standard Framework	p. 123
Reconsidering the Case	p. 128
Conclusions	p. 132
Bibliography	p. 132
Multimodal Analysis Framework for Hazmat Transports and Security	p. 135
Introduction	p. 135
Literature Review	p. 136
Unintentional Incidents	p. 136
Intentional Incidents	p. 138
Refined Approach for the Calculation of Multimodal Hazmat-Transport Risk	p. 139
Preliminary	p. 139
Step 1: Determination of the Segmentation and Estimation of the Impact Distances	p. 140
Step 2: Estimation of the General Probability of Occurrence of a Catastrophic Incident	p. 142
Step 3: Estimation of the Local Probability of Occurrence	p. 142
Practical Application and Visualization	p. 144
Interpretation of the Results	p. 145
Intended Incidents with Hazmat Transport	p. 147
How to Include Security in the Modal Choice	p. 149
Case Study	p. 149
Promethee	p. 150
The Alternatives	p. 151
The Weights: Valuation of the Critical Factors Influencing the Choice of Transportation	p. 152
Multicriteria Analysis	p. 156
Conclusion	p. 158
Acknowledgments	p. 159
Bibliography	p. 159
Metaheuristics for the Multimodal Optimization of Hazmat Transports	p. 163
Introduction	p. 163
Metaheuristics	p. 165
Characteristics of Multimodal Hazmat Transportation Optimization Problems and the Case for Using Metaheuristics	p. 167
Multilevelness	p. 168
Multiobjectivity	p. 169
Metaheuristics for Multimodal Hazmat Transportation	p. 172
Metaheuristics for Multimodal Transportation	p. 172
Metaheuristics for Hazmat Transportation	p. 174
A Metaheuristic for Multimodal Hazmat Transportation	p. 176
Conclusions and Research Opportunities	p. 178
Bibliography	p. 178
Freight Security and Livability: US Toxic and Hazardous Events from 2000 to 2010	p. 183
Introduction	p. 183
Background	p. 184
Data on Consequences	p. 187
National Transportation Atlas Database 2010	p. 187
Hazardous Materials Information Reporting System (HMIRS)	p. 187
Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES)	p. 188
Lexis-Neds and Newspaper Reporting on Serious Spill Incidents	p. 188
Consequences and Geography	p. 188
Event Consequences	p. 190
Conclusions	p. 195
Bibliography	p. 198
Security of Hazmat Transports: International Policies and Practices	p. 201
Security of Hazmat Transports in Italy	p. 203
Introduction	p. 203
Security of Hazmat Transports: International Policies and Practices	p. 201
Security of Hazmat Transports in Italy	p. 203
Introduction	p. 203
Economic Significance of Hazmat Transport in Italy	p. 204
Hazmat Transport by Road	p. 204
Hazmat Transport by Rail	p. 206
Hazmat Transport by Sea	p. 208
The Italian Legal Framework on Hazmat Transport Security	p. 210
Recent Italian Case Studies Related to Hazmat Transport Security	p. 213
Detailed Description of the Most Recent Hazmat Transport Security-Related Events	p. 214
Concluding Remarks	p. 216
Bibliography	p. 217
Security of Hazmat Transports in The Netherlands from a Security Practitioner's Point of View	p. 219
Introduction	p. 219
Safety and Security	p. 220
The Netherlands: a Risk-Prone Country with a Risk-Prone Infrastructure	p. 222
The Dutch Transport Infrastructure as Risk Factor	p. 223
Transport and Logistics in The Netherlands	p. 225
Security Issues in Transport and Logistics	p. 228
Terrorism	p. 229
Transport and Logistics Crime	p. 229
Safety First	p. 230
Partners in Security	p. 232
Conclusion	p. 234
Bibliography	p. 235
Internet Sources	p. 235
Safeguarding Hazmat Shipments in the US: Policies and Challenges	p. 237
Introduction	p. 237
Intermodalism	p. 237
The Pre-9/11 Situation	p. 238
The Magnitude of the Problem	p. 239
The Impact of 9/11	p. 240
The Rail Sector	p. 246
Vulnerabilities	p. 246
Solutions and Their Effectiveness	p. 248
Emergency Planning and Response	p. 250
The Federal Government and the Private Sector	p. 251
Highways	p. 252
Vulnerabilities and Policies	p. 252
Administration and Coordination	p. 253
Local Governments and the Private Sector	p. 255
Mirrimizing Trucking Vulnerabilities	p. 257
Conclusions	p. 258
Bibliography	p. 259
Web Sites	p. 261
Security of Hazmat Transports in Iran	p. 263
Introduction	p. 263
Overview of the Current Status	p. 264
Strengths and Weaknesses of Iran's Transportation System	p. 267
Safety and Security Strategies	p. 268
Discussion	p. 270
Conclusions	p. 272
Bibliography	p. 272
Conclusions and Recommendations	p. 273
Unimodal and Multimodal Transportation Put into Perspective	p. 274
A Country-Wise Comparative Study	p. 275
A Look into the Future: Sustainable Multirnodality	p. 275
Index	p. 277
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