Sediments Contamination and Sustainable Remediation

by Mulligan; Catherine

• ISBN13: 9781420061536
• ISBN10: 1420061534
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-12-16
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Although valuable resources in river basins and other aqueous environments, sediments often receive much less attention from researchers, policymakers, and other professionals than other components of the ecosystem. Until now. Highlighting the important role that sediments play in the geoenvironment, Sediments Contamination and Sustainable Remediation focuses on sediment management for the purpose of environmental cleanup or management. It provides the in-depth understanding of the sediment-water environment needed to develop better management practices and meet sustainability requirements.The book discusses the contamination of sediments resulting from discharge of pollutants, excessive nutrients, and other hazardous substances from anthropogenic activities. It examines impacts observed as a result of these discharges, including the presence of hazardous materials and eutrophication, and elucidates the remediation techniques developed to restore the health of sediments and how to evaluate the remediation technologies using indicators. The text explores the problems inherent in dealing with contaminated sediments in rivers, lakes, and estuaries and includes numerous case studies that illustrate key concepts.The authors provide wide-ranging coverage of the topic and include methods for evaluating the effectiveness of different remediation technologies. They make the case for the development and application of innovative management practices that create long-term solutions to sediment contamination to reduce natural resource depletion, continued landfill contamination, and diminished biodiversity in the aquatic geoenvironment.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. ix
The Authors	p. xiii
Introduction to Sediment Contamination and Management	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Sustainable Development and the Aquatic Geoenvironment	p. 3
Sources of Pollutants	p. 3
Management of Contaminated Sediments	p. 9
Natural Mitigation Processes	p. 11
Bioaccumulation of Contaminants	p. 12
Sustainable Sediment Management Practices	p. 14
Concluding Remarks	p. 16
References	p. 17
Introduction to Sediments	p. 19
Introduction	p. 19
Definition of Sediments	p. 21
Types of Sediments	p. 21
Types of Sediments by Components	p. 22
Primary Minerals	p. 23
Secondary Minerals	p. 23
Organic Matter	p. 24
Oxides and Hydrous Oxides	p. 24
Carbonates and Sulfates	p. 24
Types of Sediments by Grain Size	p. 24
Structure of Sediments	p. 26
Benthos	p. 30
Uses of Sediments and Water	p. 31
Management of Sediments	p. 32
Concluding Remarks	p. 33
References	p. 33
Contaminant-Sediment Interactions	p. 35
Introduction	p. 35
Factors Influencing Contaminant-Sediment Interactions	p. 35
Specific Surface Area (SSA)	p. 35
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)	p. 39
Sorption of Pollutants and Partition Coefficients	p. 41
Partitioning of Inorganic Pollutants	p. 44
Selective Sequential Extraction	p. 47
Organic Chemical Pollutants	p. 50
Biotransformation and Degradation of Organic Chemicals and Heavy Metals	p. 54
Bioremediation Processes	p. 56
Bioattenuation and Bioavailability	p. 58
Interaction of Contaminants, Organisms, and Sediments	p. 59
Bioaccumulation	p. 59
Bioturbation	p. 60
Chemical Reactions, Geochemical Speciation, and Transport Predictions	p. 62
Concluding Remarks	p. 64
References	p. 65
Remediation Assessment, Sampling, and Monitoring	p. 71
Introduction	p. 71
Cleanup Goals and Background Values	p. 72
Sampling	p. 72
Analysis and Evaluation	p. 77
Mechanical Properties	p. 77
Strength for Sediments	p. 77
Consolidation	p. 79
Physical Properties	p. 79
Sediment Temperature	p. 79
Grain Size	p. 80
Specific Gravity	p. 81
Chemical Sediment Quality	p. 82
pH	p. 82
Organic Pollution Indicators	p. 83
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)	p. 83
Loss on Ignition (Ignition Loss)	p. 83
Nitrogen	p. 84
Phosphorus	p. 85
Toxic Substances-Trace Metals	p. 86
Toxic Substances-Organic Micropollutants	p. 88
Other Environmental Indicators	p. 90
Test Kits	p. 91
Decision Making Using Indicators	p. 92
Case Studies	p. 93
Investigation of Port Sediments	p. 93
Lake Sediments	p. 97
Concluding Remarks	p. 102
References	p. 105
Natural Recovery of Contaminated Sediments	p. 109
Introduction	p. 109
Natural Recovery Processes of Sediments	p. 111
Evaluation of the Natural Recovery of Sediments	p. 113
Models for Natural Remediation	p. 119
Deposition Rate	p. 121
Source Loading	p. 121
Hydrodynamic Parameters	p. 121
Regulatory Framework	p. 122
Protocols Developed for Monitored Natural Recovery	p. 122
Case Studies of Natural Recovery	p. 124
Enhanced Natural Recovery	p. 129
Concluding Remarks	p. I30
References	p. 131
In Situ Remediation and Management of Contaminated Sediments	p. 135
Introduction	p. 135
In Situ Capping	p. 135
Design Factors for Sand Capping	p. 137
Consolidation	p. 137
Rough Estimate of Cap Thickness for Advection	p. 140
Contaminant Transport	p. 142
Active Capping	p. 144
Rehabilitation of the Coastal Marine Environment	p. 144
Eutrophication	p. 145
Contamination	p. 145
Distribution of Contaminated Particles	p. 146
Resuspension Method for Removal of Contaminated Sediment Particles	p. 147
Technology for Sediment Remediation by Resuspension	p. 148
Design of a Filter Unit	p. 149
Chemical Remediation Technologies	p. 150
Biological Remediation Technologies	p. 153
Creation of Seaweed Swards	p. 156
Case Studies of Remediation	p. 158
Contaminated Sediment Capping Projects	p. 158
Steel Slag	p. 159
Bioremediation	p. 161
Concluding Remarks	p. 163
References	p. 164
Dredging and the Remediation of Dredged Contaminated Sediments	p. 169
Introduction	p. 169
Sustainable Dredging Strategies	p. 171
Physical Remediation Technologies	p. 172
Physical Separation	p. 173
Sediment Washing	p. 174
Flotation	p. 180
Ultrasonic Cleaning	p. 180
Chemical/Thermal Remediation	p. 180
Oxidation	p. 182
Electrokinetic Remediation	p. 183
Solidification/Stabilization	p. 185
Vitrification	p. 186
Thermal Extraction	p. 189
Biological Remediation	p. 190
Slurry Reactors	p. 191
Landfarming	p. 191
Composting	p. 193
Bioleaching	p. 195
Bioconversion Processes	p. 195
Phytoremediation	p. 195
Beneficial Use of Sediments	p. 196
Confined Disposal	p. 198
Comparison between Treatment Technologies	p. 200
Case Studies of Remediation	p. 201
Remediation of Sediments Contaminated with Dioxin	p. 201
Dredging Case Study	p. 202
Case Study of a Washing Process	p. 204
Biotreatment Case Study	p. 204
Concluding Remarks	p. 206
References	p. 209
Management and Evaluation of Treatment Alternatives for Sediments	p. 215
Introduction	p. 215
Generic Framework	p. 215
Remediation Objectives	p. 216
Lines of Evidence	p. 219
Evaluation of the Management Alternatives	p. 219
MNR	p. 221
Dredging	p. 222
In Situ Capping	p. 223
Selection of Technologies	p. 224
Management Plan	p. 226
Sustainable Remediation	p. 234
Strategy for Remediated Sediment Sustainability	p. 235
Concluding Remarks	p. 238
References	p. 239
Current State and Future Directions	p. 241
Introduction	p. 241
Disposal at Sea	p. 242
Beneficial Use of Dredged Materials	p. 243
Sustainability Evaluation	p. 246
Case Study of Lachine Canal	p. 249
Barriers to Technology Development and Implementation	p. 253
Current Needs and Future Directions	p. 253
Concluding Remarks	p. 257
References	p. 258
Sediment Quality Guidelines from Environment Canada and MDDHP, 2008	p. 261
References	p. 266
London Convention and Protocol: Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 1972	p. 267
Introduction	p. 267
The 1978 Amendments-Incineration	p. 268
The 1978 Amendments-Disputes	p. 268
The 1980 Amendments-List of Substances	p. 268
The 1989 Amendments	p. 268
The 1993 Amendments	p. 269
1996 Protocol	p. 269
Permitted Dumping	p. 270
2006 Amendments to the 1996 Protocol	p. 271
Prediction of Sediment Toxicity Using Consensus Based Freshwater Sediment Quality Guidelines: USGS. 2000. Prediction of sediment toxicity using consensus based freshwater sediment quality guidelines. EPA 905/R-00/007, June 2000	p. 273
References	p. 275
International Sediment Quality Criteria	p. 277
Hong Kong	p. 278
The Republic of Korea	p. 279
Australia and New Zealand	p. 279
Australia and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality	p. 279
National Ocean Disposal Guidelines for Dredged Material	p. 279
Canada	p. 279
United States	p. 279
USEPA	p. 279
USACE	p. 280
U.S. State Guidelines	p. 280
Florida	p. 280
New York	p. 281
Washington State	p. 281
Sediment Quality Chemical Criteria	p. 281
Wisconsin	p. 284
Europe	p. 284
European Legislation	p. 284
EC Legislation	p. 284
Classification of Dredged Material in the EC Region	p. 284
Belgium	p. 284
Finland	p. 285
France	p. 286
Germany	p. 286
Ireland	p. 288
The Netherlands	p. 288
Norway	p. 292
Portugal	p. 293
Spain	p. 293
Sweden	p. 294
The United Kingdom	p. 294
Qatar	p. 296
Index	p. 297
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