Self-Assembly and Nanotechnology A Force Balance Approach

by Lee, Yoon S.

• ISBN13: 9780470248836
• ISBN10: 0470248831
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-06-10
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

This conceptual book delivers comprehensive coverage of key subjects in self-assembly nanotechnology. It provides clear schematic illustrations to represent the mainstream principles behind each topic. The author chose his data and information very selectively. This feature will make this book an indispensable tool in bridging topics in nanotechnology including self-assembly, colloids, and surfaces. The book can also be used as a part of the teaching materials when the courses are the joint-efforts across different disciplines or different departments, which are to cover a broader range of nanotechnology. Joint-course becomes increasingly popular these days; in fact, it is an effective teaching scheme especially for nanotechnology. At the same time, this book is intended for industrial professionals. Its whole scope is networked with one stem of concept: force balance. This is to show that a good deal of the related topics in self-assembly and nanotechnology can be approached with one unified concept, once we expand our view on self-assembly. This second feature could provide some useful insights for their professional researches, especially when they try to understand the seemingly complex self-assembly phenomena behind the nanotechnology issues. Considering inter- and multi-disciplinary natures of nanotechnology, this book should be friendly reading not just for chemistry majors, but for those in chemical engineering, physics, and materials science as well.

Author Biography

Yoon S. Lee, PhD, is a Scientific Information Analyst at Chemical Abstracts Service (a division of the ACS) where he indexes literature and builds databases for nanoscience and nanotechnology, specifically in the area of colloid and surface chemistry. After earning his PhD from Seoul National University in South Korea, Dr. Lee performed postdoctoral research at The Ohio State University and worked as a research chemist at Cognis. He has authored several articles on self-assembly and nanotechnology.

Table of Contents

Preface and Acknowledgments	p. xv
Self-Assembly	p. 1
Unified Approach to Self-Assembly	p. 3
Self-Assembly through Force Balance	p. 5
General Scheme for the Formation of Self-Assembled Aggregates	p. 8
General Scheme for Self-Assembly Process	p. 10
Concluding Remarks	p. 17
References	p. 18
Intermolecular and Colloidal Forces	p. 21
Van der Waals Force	p. 22
Electrostatic Force: Electric Double-Layer	p. 28
Steric and Depletion Forces	p. 33
Solvation and Hydration Forces	p. 37
Solvation Force	p. 37
Hydration Force	p. 38
Hydrophobic Effect	p. 39
Hydrogen Bond	p. 42
References	p. 44
Molecular Self-Assembly in Solution I: Micelles	p. 47
Surfactants and Micelles	p. 48
Physical Properties of Micelles	p. 50
Micellization	p. 50
Critical Micellar Concentration and Aggregation Number	p. 51
Counterion Binding	p. 53
Thermodynamics of Micellization	p. 53
Mass-Action Model	p. 54
Pseudo-phase Separation Model	p. 55
Hydrophobic Effect and Enthalpy-Entropy Compensation	p. 57
Micellization versus General Scheme of Self-Assembly	p. 58
Change of Micelle Structures	p. 58
General Scheme of Micellization	p. 60
Concept of Force Balance and Surfactant Packing Parameter	p. 60
Multicomponent Micelles	p. 63
Micellar Solubilization	p. 66
Applications of Surfactants and Micelles	p. 68
Micellar Catalysis	p. 69
References	p. 71
Molecular Self-Assembly in Solution II: Bilayers, Liquid Crystals, and Emulsions	p. 75
Bilayers	p. 76
Bilayer-Forming Surfactants	p. 76
Bilayerization	p. 77
Physical Properties of Bilayers	p. 79
Vesicles, Liposomes, and Niosomes	p. 80
Physical Properties of Vesicles	p. 80
Micellar Catalysis on Vesicles	p. 82
Liquid Crystals	p. 83
Thermotropic Liquid Crystals	p. 84
Lyotropic Liquid Crystals	p. 87
Concentration-Temperature Phase Diagram	p. 87
Ternary Surfactant-Water-Oil (or Co-surfactant) Phase Diagram	p. 90
Emulsions	p. 92
Microemulsions	p. 93
Reverse Micelles	p. 95
Macroemulsions	p. 97
Micellar Catalysis on Microemulsions	p. 99
References	p. 100
Colloidal Self-Assembly	p. 103
Forces Induced by Colloidal Phenomena	p. 104
Surface Tension and Capillarity	p. 105
Contact Angle and Wetting	p. 108
Adhesion	p. 109
Gravity and Diffusion	p. 110
Pressures by Osmotic and Donnan Effects	p. 112
Electrokinetic Force	p. 114
Magnetophoretic Force	p. 116
Force by Flow	p. 117
Force Balance for Colloidal Self-Assembly	p. 118
General Scheme for Colloidal Self-Assembly	p. 120
Micelle-like Colloidal Self-Assembly: Packing Geometry	p. 121
Summary	p. 122
References	p. 123
Self-Assembly at Interfaces	p. 125
General Scheme for Interfacial Self-Assembly	p. 126
Surfaces and Interfaces	p. 126
Force Balance with Interfaces	p. 127
Control of Intermolecular Forces at Interfaces	p. 129
Packing Geometry: Balance with Attractive and Repulsive Forces	p. 129
Packing with Functional Groups: Balance with Directional Force	p. 130
Building Units with Multifunctional Sites	p. 130
Building Units with Single Functional Sites	p. 132
Packing of Nonamphiphilic Building Units	p. 134
Self-Assembly at the Gas-Liquid Interface	p. 135
Langmuir Monolayer	p. 135
Surface Micelles	p. 138
Self-Assembly at the Liquid-Solid Interface	p. 139
Self-Assembly at the Liquid-Liquid Interface	p. 140
Self-Assembly at the Gas-Solid Interface	p. 140
Interface-Induced Chiral Self-Assembly	p. 142
References	p. 145
Bio-Mimetic Self-Assembly	p. 149
General Picture of Bio-mimetic Self-Assembly	p. 150
Force Balance Scheme for Bio-mimetic Self-Assembly	p. 153
Origin of Morphological Chirality and Diversity	p. 155
Chirality of Building Units	p. 155
Asymmetric Structure of Building Units	p. 157
Multiple Hydrogen Bonds	p. 158
Cooperative Balance of Geometry and Bonding	p. 159
Induced Asymmetric Packing	p. 160
Symmetric Bio-mimetic Self-Assembled Aggregates	p. 161
H- and J-Aggregates	p. 161
Molecular Capsules	p. 163
Gels: Networked Bio-mimetic Self-Assembled Aggregates	p. 163
Properties of Bio-mimetic Self-Assembled Aggregates	p. 165
Directionality, Site-Specificity, and Chirality	p. 165
Hierarchicality	p. 166
Complementarity	p. 167
Chiroptical Properties	p. 167
Future Issues	p. 168
References	p. 168
Nanotechnology	p. 171
Implications of Self-Assembly for Nanotechnology	p. 173
General Concepts and Approach to Nanotechnology	p. 173
Self-Assembly and Nanotechnology Share the Same Building Units	p. 176
Self-Assembly and Nanotechnology Are Governed by the Same Forces	p. 177
Self-Assembly versus Manipulation for the Construction of Nanostructures	p. 177
Self-Aggregates and Nanotechnology Share the Same General Assembly Principles	p. 178
Concluding Remarks	p. 180
References	p. 181
Nanostructured Materials	p. 183
What Are Nanostructured Materials?	p. 184
Intermolecular Forces During the Formation of Nanostructured Materials	p. 185
Sol-Gel Chemistry	p. 187
General Self-Assembly Schemes for the Formation of Nanostructured Materials	p. 189
Micro-, Meso-, and Macroporous Materials	p. 190
Mesostructured and Mesoporous Materials	p. 192
Formation of Mesoporous Silica with Hexagonal Structure	p. 193
Structural Control of Mesostructured and Mesoporous Materials	p. 195
Epitaxial Analysis at the Micelle-Silica Interface	p. 198
Charge Matching at the Micelle-Silica Interface	p. 203
Characterization of Mesostructured and Mesoporous Materials	p. 204
Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Mesostructured and Mesoporous Materials	p. 205
Microporous and Macroporous Materials	p. 206
Co-Self-Assembly for the Formation of Microporous Materials	p. 207
Emulsions for the Formation of Macroporous Materials	p. 209
Colloidal Self-Assembly for the Formation of Macroporous Materials	p. 210
Applications of Nanostructured and Nanoporous Materials	p. 211
Summary and Future Issues	p. 214
References	p. 216
Nanoparticles: Metals, Semiconductors, and Oxides	p. 221
What are Nanoparticles?	p. 222
Intermolecular Forces During the Synthesis of Nanoparticles	p. 224
Synthesis of Nanoparticles	p. 226
Direct Synthesis: Confinement-by-Adsorption	p. 227
Synthesis within Preformed Nanospace	p. 229
Surfactant Self-Assembled Aggregates	p. 230
Bio-mimetic Self-Assembled Aggregates	p. 232
Dendritic Polymers	p. 233
Nanoporous Solids	p. 233
Directed Growth by Soft Epitaxy	p. 234
Directed Growth by Hard Epitaxy	p. 234
Nanoparticle Synthesis with Nonconventional Media	p. 236
Supercritical Fluids	p. 236
Ionic Liquids	p. 237
Properties of Nanoparticles	p. 238
Quantum Size Effect	p. 238
Optical Properties of Semiconductors	p. 238
Optical Properties of Noble Metals	p. 240
Electromagnetic Properties of Noble Metals	p. 240
Electric Properties of Metals	p. 241
Surface Atom Effect	p. 241
Applications of Nanoparticles	p. 243
Chemical and Biological Sensors	p. 243
Optical Sensors	p. 244
Nanocomposites and Hybrid Materials	p. 245
Catalysis	p. 245
Functional Fluids	p. 245
Summary and Future Issues	p. 246
References	p. 247
Nanostructured Films	p. 249
What Is Nanostructured Film?	p. 249
General Scheme for Nanostructured Films	p. 251
Preparation and Structural Control of Nanostructured Films	p. 252
Self-Assembled Monolayer (SAM)	p. 252
Layer-by-Layer Assembly	p. 255
Vapor-Deposited Films	p. 256
Sol-Gel Processed Films	p. 258
Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) Films	p. 259
Properties and Applications of Nanostructured Films	p. 263
Nanoporous Films	p. 263
Nanolayered Films	p. 263
Nanopatterned Films	p. 264
Monolayer: Model Membrane	p. 265
Summary and Future Issues	p. 266
References	p. 267
Nanoassembly by External Forces	p. 271
Force Balanc and the General Scheme of Self-Assembly Under External Forces	p. 272
Colloidal Self-Assembly Under External Forces	p. 273
Capillary Force	p. 273
Electric Force	p. 275
Magnetic Force	p. 277
Flow	p. 278
Mechanical Force	p. 279
Force by Spatial Confinement	p. 280
Other Forces	p. 282
Laser-Optical Force	p. 282
Ultrasound	p. 282
Gravity and Centrifugal Forces	p. 282
Molecular Self-Assembly Under External Forces	p. 283
Flow	p. 283
Magnetic Field	p. 285
Concentration Gradient	p. 285
Confinement	p. 286
Gravity and Centrifugal Forces	p. 287
Applications of Colloidal Aggregates	p. 287
Optical Band Gap	p. 287
Nanostructured Materials	p. 288
Summary and Future Issues	p. 288
References	p. 290
Nanofabrication	p. 293
Self-Assembly and Nanofabrication	p. 294
Unit Fabrications	p. 296
Jointing	p. 296
Crossing and Curving	p. 297
Alignment and Stacking	p. 298
Reconstruction, Deposition, and Coating	p. 299
Symmetry Breaking	p. 300
Templating and Masking	p. 302
Hybridization	p. 303
Nanointegrated Systems	p. 304
Summary and Future Issues	p. 308
References	p. 308
Nanodevices and Nanomachines	p. 311
General Scheme of Nanodevices	p. 312
Nanocomponents: Building Units for Nanodevices	p. 314
Interlocked and Interwinded Molecules	p. 314
DNA	p. 315
Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerenes	p. 315
Three Element Motions: Force Balance at Work	p. 316
Unit Operations	p. 317
Gating and Switching	p. 318
Directional Rotation and Oscillation	p. 319
Shafting, Shuttling, and Elevatoring	p. 320
Contraction-and-Extension	p. 321
Walking	p. 322
Tweezering or Fingering	p. 323
Rolling and Bearing	p. 323
Pistoning, Sliding, or Conveyoring	p. 324
Self-Directional Movement	p. 324
Capture-and-Release	p. 325
Sensoring	p. 325
Directional Flow	p. 326
Nanodevices: Fabricated Nanocomponents to Operate	p. 326
Delivery Systems	p. 327
Nanoelectronics	p. 329
Nanomachines: Integrated Nanodevices to Work	p. 329
Power Source	p. 330
Synchronization	p. 330
Packing	p. 331
Communication with the Macroworld	p. 331
Summary and Future Issues	p. 331
References	p. 332
Index	p. 335
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