Self-Commutating Converters for High Power Applications

by Arrillaga, Jos; Liu, Yonghe H.; Watson, Neville R.; Murray, Nicholas J.

• ISBN13: 9780470746820
• ISBN10: 0470746823
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-12-14
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

This book presents the use of self-commutating static power converters in applications requiring either Ultra High Voltages (over 600 kVs), such as required by very large long distance HVDC Transmission or Ultra High Currents (in hundreds of kA), such as those used in aluminium smelters.It starts with a discussion on self-commuting voltage source conversion and multi-level voltage source conversion. It describes the injection concept and multi-level reinjection. There is a chapter on PWM-controlled HVDC transmission, also ultra high voltage DC transmission. Back to back asynchronous interconnection is covered in detail before a final chapter on ultra high current conversion. Explains the basic principles of self-commutating static power conversion and its place within industrial high current applications requiring either Ultra High Voltages or Ultra High Currents, for example large hydro plants Covers newly developed areas of an expanding field, not covered in other books, including techniques that are important to future projects especially in developing countries Concise- all topics included in one volume with a logical approach by well-published authors

Author Biography

Professor Jos Arrillaga, Electrical and Computer Engineering Building, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
Professor Arrillaga has been a professor at the University of Canterbury since 1975. He led the Power Systems group at the Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST) between 1970 and 1974. In 1997 he achieved the IEEE Uno Lamm Medal in Berlin for pioneering work in the field of High Voltage Direct Current, also the John Munganest International Power Quality Award of the Power Industry in the US. Between 1998 and 2006 he won numerous awards for his work in Paris and New Zealand, including the J.R. Scott medal of the Royal Society of New Zealand for services to Electrical Engineering education and research. So far he has published 8 books with Wiley and over 200 papers on the subjects of HVDC Transmission and Power System Harmonics.

Yonghe H. Liu, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, China
Professor Liu is currently a professor at Inner Mongolia University of Technology. He spends 6 months of the year in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Canterbury as a researcher through the EPCA (Electric Power Computer Applications) Fellowship. His work has had a large impact on the development of modern HVDC power transmission. Before joining the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Texas, Arlington in January 2004, he worked at the DSPS R&D Center of Texas Instruments.
Professor Liu has won the College of Engineering Outstanding Young Faculty Award, Research Excellence Award and writes for various transactions and journals. He was on the program committee for IEEE MASS 2008 and IEEE SECON 2008, amongst others.

Neville R. Watson, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Professor Watson has been working at the University of Canterbury since 1987. He has taught undergraduate courses on electric power engineering, power systems engineering and the fundamentals of power electronics, and a graduate course on advanced power system engineering. He writes for many journals including the IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery and has co-written 3 books with Professor Arrillaga, all published by Wiley.

Nicholas J. Murray, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Nicholas J. Murray- Received? his BE (Hon) in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the University of Canterbury (NZ) in 2001, where he has just completed a PhD degree on the topic "Flexible reactive power control in large power current source conversion". He spent 8 years in the pulp and paper industry, the last four as a high voltage and control system engineer. His present interests include power system modelling, artificial intelligence and transient analysis of high ac/dc converters.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
Introduction	p. 1
Early developments	p. 1
State of the large power semiconductor technology	p. 2
Power ratings	p. 3
Losses	p. 4
Suitability for large power conversion	p. 4
Future developments	p. 6
Voltage and current source conversion	p. 6
The pulse and level number concepts	p. 8
Line-commutated conversion (LCC)	p. 10
Self-commutating conversion (SCC)	p. 11
Pulse width modulation (PWM)	p. 11
Multilevel voltage source conversion	p. 12
High-current self-commutating conversion	p. 13
Concluding statement	p. 13
References	p. 13
Principles of Self-Commutating Conversion	p. 15
Introduction	p. 15
Basic VSC operation	p. 16
Power transfer control	p. 17
Main converter components	p. 19
DC capacitor	p. 20
Coupling reactance	p. 20
The high-voltage valve	p. 21
The anti-parallel diodes	p. 23
Three-phase voltage source conversion	p. 23
The six-pulse VSC configuration	p. 23
Twelve-pulse VSC configuration	p. 27
Gate driving signal generation	p. 27
General philosophy	p. 27
Selected harmonic cancellation	p. 30
Carrier-based sinusoidal PWM	p. 31
Space-vector PWM pattern	p. 34
Comparison between the switching patterns	p. 40
Basic current source conversion operation	p. 42
Analysis of the CSC waveforms	p. 43
Summary	p. 43
References	p. 44
Multilevel Voltage Source Conversion	p. 47
Introduction	p. 47
PWM-assisted multibridge conversion	p. 48
The diode clamping concept	p. 49
Three-level neutral point clamped VSC	p. 49
Five-level diode-clamped VSC	p. 53
Diode clamping generalization	p. 56
The flying capacitor concept	p. 61
Three-level flying capacitor conversion	p. 61
Multi-level flying capacitor conversion	p. 62
Cascaded H-bridge configuration	p. 65
Modular multilevel conversion (MMC)	p. 67
Summary	p. 70
References	p. 70
Multilevel Reinjection	p. 73
Introduction	p. 73
The reinjection concept in line-commutated current source conversion	p. 74
The reinjection concept in the double-bridge configuration	p. 76
Application of the reinjection concept to self-commutating conversion	p. 78
Ideal injection signal required to produce a sinusoidal output waveform	p. 78
Symmetrical approximation to the ideal injection	p. 82
Multilevel reinjection (MLR) - the waveforms	p. 85
MLR implementation - the combination concept	p. 87
CSC configuration	p. 87
VSC configuration	p. 89
MLR implementation - the distribution concept	p. 94
CSC configuration	p. 94
VSC configuration	p. 95
Summary	p. 96
References	p. 97
Modelling and Control of Converter Dynamics	p. 99
Introduction	p. 99
Control system levels	p. 100
Firing control	p. 100
Converter state control	p. 101
System control level	p. 102
Non-linearity of the power converter system	p. 102
Modelling the voltage source converter system	p. 103
Conversion under pulse width modulation	p. 103
Modelling grouped voltage source converters operating with fundamental frequency switching	p. 107
Modelling the current source converter system	p. 120
Current source converters with pulse width modulation	p. 120
Modelling grouped current source converters with fundamental frequency switching	p. 129
Non-linear control of VSC and CSC systems	p. 145
Summary	p. 151
References	p. 152
PWM-HVDC Transmission	p. 153
Introduction	p. 153
State of the DC cable technology	p. 154
Basic self-commutating DC link structure	p. 154
Three-level PWM structure	p. 156
The cross sound submarine link	p. 156
PWM-VSC control strategies	p. 165
DC link support during AC system disturbances	p. 166
Strategy for voltage stability	p. 166
Damping of rotor angle oscillation	p. 166
Converter assistance during grid restoration	p. 167
Contribution of the voltage source converter to the AC system fault level	p. 167
Control capability limits of a PWM-VSC terminal	p. 168
Summary	p. 169
References	p. 169
Ultra High-Voltage VSC Transmission	p. 171
Introduction	p. 171
Modular multilevel conversion	p. 172
Multilevel H-bridge voltage reinjection	p. 174
Steady state operation of the MLVR-HB converter group	p. 175
Addition of four-quadrant power controllability	p. 180
DC link control structure	p. 182
Verification of reactive power control independence	p. 183
Control strategies	p. 185
Summary	p. 195
References	p. 196
Ultra High-Voltage Self-Commutating CSC Transmission	p. 197
Introduction	p. 197
MLCR-HVDC transmission	p. 198
Dynamic model	p. 198
Control structure	p. 199
Simulated performance under normal operation	p. 202
Response to active power changes	p. 202
Response to reactive power changes	p. 202
Simulated performance following disturbances	p. 204
Response to an AC system fault	p. 204
Response to a DC system fault	p. 207
Provision of independent reactive power control	p. 207
Steady state operation	p. 209
Control structure	p. 211
Dynamic simulation	p. 217
Summary	p. 219
References	p. 220
Back-to-Back Asynchronous Interconnection	p. 221
Introduction	p. 221
Provision of independent reactive power control	p. 222
MLCR back-to-back link	p. 224
Determining the DC voltage operating limits	p. 225
Control system design	p. 226
Dynamic performance	p. 229
Test system	p. 229
Simulation verification	p. 230
Waveform quality	p. 231
Summary	p. 232
References	p. 232
Low Voltage High DC Current AC-DC Conversion	p. 235
Introduction	p. 235
Present high current rectification technology	p. 236
Smelter potlines	p. 237
Load profile	p. 238
Hybrid double-group configuration	p. 239
The control concept	p. 240
Steady state analysis and waveforms	p. 241
Control system	p. 247
Simulated performance	p. 248
Centre-tapped rectifier option	p. 251
Current and power ratings	p. 252
Two-quadrant MLCR rectification	p. 253
AC system analysis	p. 255
Component ratings	p. 257
Multigroup MLCR rectifier	p. 259
Controller design	p. 262
Simulated performance of an MLCR smelter	p. 264
MLCR multigroup reactive power controllability	p. 268
Parallel thyristor/MLCR rectification	p. 274
Circuit equations	p. 276
Control system	p. 278
Dynamic simulation and verification	p. 280
Efficiency	p. 285
Multicell rectification with PWM control	p. 287
Control structure	p. 288
Simulated performance	p. 288
Summary	p. 289
References	p. 290
Power Conversion for High Energy Storage	p. 293
Introduction	p. 293
SMES technology	p. 294
Power conditioning	p. 295
Voltage versus current source conversion	p. 297
The SMES coil	p. 299
MLCR current source converter based SMES power conditioning system	p. 300
Control system design	p. 301
Simulation verification	p. 303
Discussion - the future of SMES	p. 306
References	p. 306
Index	p. 309
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