Semantic Techniques for the Web :... | Buy

The objective of this state-of-the-art survey is to give a coherentoverview of the main topics and results achieved by the Network of Excellence REWERSE on "Reasoning on the Web", funded by the European Commission and Switzerland within the "6th Framework Programme" (FP6),from 2004 to 2008.The material has been organized into eight chapters, each of which addresses one of the main topics of REWERSE: hybrid reasoning with rules and ontologies, lessons in versatility or how query languages adapt to the Web, evolution and reactivity in the Semantic Web, rule-based policyrepresentations and reasoning, component models for Semantic Weblanguages, controlled English for reasoning on the Semantic Web,semantic search with GoPubMed, and information integration inbioinformatics with ontologies and standards.Each chapter gives an in-depth coverage of the subject and provides an extensive bibliography with pointers to further literature.

Hybrid Reasoning with Rules and Ontologies	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Overview of Approaches	p. 2
RDF and RDF Schema	p. 2
The Web Ontology Language OWL	p. 5
Rule Languages for Integration	p. 7
Rule Interchange Format RIF	p. 9
Approaches to Integration	p. 9
Hybrid Rules and Ontologies in REWERSE	p. 12
Extensions of Expressive Non-monotonic Logic Programs by DL-Programs and HEX-Programs	p. 14
DL-Programs	p. 14
HEX-Programs	p. 19
Extensions of Well-Founded Semantics by Hybrid Well-Founded Semantics	p. 26
Variants and Extensions of the Basic Formalisms	p. 34
Probabilistic DL-Programs	p. 35
Fuzzy DL-Programs	p. 37
CQ-Programs	p. 40
Conclusion	p. 41
Four Lessons in Versatility or How Query Languages Adapt to the Web	p. 50
Introduction	p. 50
Versatile Data	p. 54
Extensible Markup Language (XML)	p. 54
Resource Description Framework (RDF)	p. 56
Versatile Queries	p. 58
XML Queries-Examples and Patterns	p. 61
RDF Queries-Examples and Patterns	p. 68
Rules-Separation of Concern and Reasoning	p. 79
State of the Art: The SPARQL Query Language and Its Extensions	p. 82
Versatile Semantics	p. 96
Simulation as Foundation for a Semantics of Versatile Queries	p. 96
Rules with Negation and Versatile Queries: Local Stratification	p. 100
Rules with Negation and Versatile Queries: Well-Founded Semantics	p. 104
A Relational Semantics for Versatile Queries	p. 107
Versatile Evaluation	p. 125
Evaluating Queries: Structure Scaling with CIQCAG	p. 126
Evaluating Rules: Subsumption under Rich Unification	p. 142
Conclusion	p. 152
Evolution and Reactivity in the Semantic Web	p. 161
Introduction	p. 161
Starting Point and Related Work	p. 164
Conceptualization of ECA Rules and Their Components: A General Framework for ECA Rules	p. 167
The Rule Level	p. 168
The Event Component	p. 170
The Condition Component	p. 171
The Action Component	p. 172
Languages and Language Borders	p. 173
Languages Types, Service Types, and Tasks	p. 175
Architecture and Processing: Cooperation between Resources	p. 178
The RDF Level: Language Elements and Their Instances as Resources	p. 179
MARS Implementation	p. 180
r³ Implementation	p. 183
X Change-A Concrete Web-Based ECA Rule Language	p. 184
Representing, Querying, and Constructing Web Data	p. 185
Event-Condition-Action (ECA) Rules	p. 187
Events	p. 187
Conditions	p. 190
Actions	p. 191
Applications	p. 192
Conclusions and Outlook	p. 194
Rule-Based Policy Representations and Reasoning	p. 201
Introduction	p. 201
A Review of the State-of-the-Art in Policy Languages	p. 202
Related Work	p. 203
Background	p. 203
Presentation of the Considered Policy Languages	p. 205
Presentation of the Considered Criteria	p. 206
Comparison	p. 209
Discussion	p. 215
A Framework for Semantic Web Policies	p. 216
Policies as Semantic Markup in Protune	p. 217
Negotiations	p. 217
Protune's Policy Language and Framework	p. 219
Explanations: Protune-X	p. 221
The Engine	p. 225
Demo: Policy-Driven Protection and Personalization of Web Content	p. 227
Experimental Evaluation	p. 227
Discussion and Conclusions	p. 229
Component Models for Semantic Web Languages	p. 233
Introduction	p. 233
Background	p. 235
Composition Systems and Component Models	p. 235
Web Query Language Xcerpt	p. 237
Description Logics and OWL	p. 239
State of the Art: Semantic Web Components and Invasive Software Component Models	p. 240
Query Modularization	p. 240
Ontology Modularization	p. 241
Invasive Component Models in Software Engineering	p. 243
Use-Cases: Components on the Web	p. 249
Modular Xcerpt	p. 250
Role Models as Ontology Components	p. 253
Universal Component Models	p. 255
Universal Grammar-Based Modularization (U-GBM)	p. 256
Universal Invasive Software Composition (U-ISC)	p. 259
Universal Syntactic Abstractions with Embedded ISC	p. 263
Example Application: Modular Xcerpt	p. 268
Conclusions	p. 271
Controlled English for Reasoning on the Semantic Web	p. 276
Why Use Controlled Natural Languages for the Semantic Web?	p. 276
Controlled Natural Languages: State of the Art	p. 278
Attempto Controlled English (ACE)	p. 279
Overview of Attempto Controlled English	p. 279
From Attempto Controlled English to First-Order Logic	p. 283
Attempto Parsing Engine (APE)	p. 286
Fitting ACE into the Semantic Web	p. 287
OWL and SWRL	p. 287
AceRules: Rules in ACE	p. 290
The Protune Policy Language	p. 292
Other Web Languages	p. 295
ACE Tools for the Semantic Web	p. 295
Attempto Reasoner RACE	p. 295
ACE View Ontology and Rule Editor	p. 297
AceWiki: ACE in a Semantic Wiki	p. 300
Protune	p. 304
Conclusions	p. 305
Semantic Search with GoPubMed	p. 309
Biomedical Literature Search	p. 309
Limits of Classical Search	p. 310
Biomedical Search Engines	p. 311
The Ontology-Based Search Paradigm	p. 321
Answering Biomedical Questions	p. 322
Characterization of Question Types	p. 324
Using Background Knowledge to Answer Questions	p. 326
Revealing Trends in the Literature	p. 330
Important Topic: Apotosis	p. 333
Important Topic: Endosome	p. 334
Important Place: Dresden	p. 334
Important Journal: Which Are the 10 Most Frequently Used GO Terms in Nature, Cell and Science?	p. 335
20 Journals for the Molecular Biologist	p. 336
Conclusion	p. 338
Information Integration in Bioinformatics with Ontologies and Standards	p. 343
Introduction	p. 343
Resources	p. 345
Data Sources	p. 345
Ontologies	p. 346
Standards	p. 348
Integrating the Resources	p. 352
Integration Model	p. 352
Integration of Data Sources	p. 354
Data Sources and Ontologies	p. 355
Ontology Alignment	p. 356
Integrating Standards	p. 365
Connection between Standards and Other Resources	p. 367
Conclusion	p. 369
Author Index	p. 377
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