Semantic Web Services, Processes and Applications

by Cardoso, Jorge; Sheth, Amit P.

• ISBN13: 9780387302393
• ISBN10: 0387302395
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-08-30
• Publisher: Springer-Verlag New York Inc

Summary

Semantics, Web services, and Web processes promise better reuse, universal interoperability and integration. Semantics has been recognized as the primary tool to address the challenges of a broad spectrum of heterogeneity and improving automation though machine understandable descriptions.Semantic Web Services, Processes and Applications brings contributions from researchers who study, explore and understand the semantic enabling of all phases of semantic Web processes. This encompasses design, annotation, discovery, choreography and composition. Also this book presents fundamental capabilities and techniques associated with ontological modeling or services, annotation, matching and mapping, and reasoning. This is complemented by discussion of applications in e-Government and bioinformatics.Special bulk rates are available for course adoption through Publishing Editor.

Table of Contents

Dedication	v
Contributing Authors	xvii
Foreword	xxi
Preface	xxiii
SUGGESTED COURSE STRUCTURE	xxviii
PART I: Semantic Web Services	1	(136)
The Semantic Web and its Applications	3	(32)
1. INTRODUCTION	3	(2)
2. SEMIOTICS - SYNTAX, SEMANTICS, AND PRAGMATICS	5	(2)
3. SEMANTIC HETEROGENEITY ON THE WEB	7	(2)
4. METADATA	9	(5)
4.1 Syntactic Metadata	10	(1)
4.2 Structural Metadata	11	(1)
4.3 Semantic Metadata	11	(2)
4.4 Creating and Extracting Semantic Metadata	13	(1)
5. EMPIRICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON THE USE OF SEMANTICS AND ONTOLOGIES	14	(1)
6. APPLICATIONS OF SEMANTICS AND ONTOLOGIES	15	(12)
6.1 Semantic Web Services	15	(2)
6.2 Semantic Web Service Discovery	17	(2)
6.3 Semantic Integration of Tourism Information Sources	19	(2)
6.4 Semantic Digital Libraries	21	(1)
6.5 Semantic Grid	22	(1)
6.6 Semantic Enterprise Information Integration	23	(1)
6.7 Semantic Web Search	24	(1)
6.8 Semantic Web and AI	25	(1)
6.9 Semantic Web and Databases	25	(1)
6.10 Bioinformatics Ontologies	26	(1)
7. CONCLUSIONS	27	(2)
8. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION	29	(1)
9. SUGGESTED ADDITIONAL READING	30	(1)
10. REFERENCES	30	(5)
Semantic Annotations in Web Services	35	(28)
1. INTRODUCTION	35	(7)
1.1 Generic Semantic Annotation Architecture	36	(4)
1.2 Semantic Annotation Applications	40	(2)
2. SEMANTIC ANNOTATION IN WEB SERVICES	42	(3)
2.1 Annotating a Web Service	43	(1)
2.2 Four Types of Semantics in Web Services	44	(1)
3. CREATING SEMANTIC ANNOTATIONS	45	(6)
3.1 Matching	46	(1)
3.2 Mapping	47	(4)
4. SEMANTIC ANNOTATION OF WEB SERVICES - EFFORTS	51	(6)
4.1 OWL-S and WSMO	52	(1)
4.2 WSDL-S	53	(4)
5. CONCLUSIONS	57	(1)
6. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION	58	(1)
7. SUGGESTED ADDITIONAL READING	58	(1)
8. REFERENCES	59	(4)
Web Services Modeling Ontology	63	(26)
1. INTRODUCTION	63	(1)
2. CASE STUDY - APPLICATION FOR SEMANTIC WEB SERVICES	64	(2)
3. THE WEB SERVICES MODELING ONTOLOGY	66	(8)
3.1 Ontologies	67	(1)
3.2 Goals	68	(1)
3.3 Web Services	69	(2)
3.4 Mediators	71	(3)
4. SELECTED TECHNOLOGIES FOR WSMO	74	(8)
4.1 Discovery	75	(1)
4.2 Data Mediation	76	(2)
4.3 Choreography	78	(2)
4.4 Front-end Tools	80	(2)
5. RELATED WORK - RELATIONSHIPS WITH COMPETITIVE APPROCHES	82	(2)
5.1 OWL-S	82	(1)
5.2 WSDL-S	83	(1)
5.3 Matrix of Features and Approaches	84	(1)
6. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION	84	(1)
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT	85	(1)
8. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION	85	(1)
9. SUGGESTED ADDITIONAL READING	86	(1)
10. ONLINE RESOURCES (INCLUDING OPEN SOURCE TOOLS)	87	(1)
11. REFERENCES	87	(2)
Keywords, Port Types and Semantics: A Journey in the Land of Web Service Discovery	89	(18)
1. INTRODUCTION	89	(2)
2. UDDI	91	(4)
2.1 UDDI Organization: White, Yellow and Green Pages	91	(1)
2.2 UDDI Data Models	92	(1)
2.3 How Does WSDL Map to UDDI?	93	(1)
2.4 Publishing in UDDI	94	(1)
3. UDDI BEST PRACTICES	95	(1)
4. NEED FOR SEMANTICS IN WS-DISCOVERY	96	(3)
4.1 Data Semantics	97	(1)
4.2 Functional Semantics	98	(1)
4.3 Non-Functional Semantics	98	(1)
4.4 Execution Semantics	99	(1)
5. PUBLISHING AND DISCOVERING SEMANTIC WEB SERVICES	99	(2)
5.1 METEOR-S Framework	100	(1)
6. REGISTRY FEDERATION	101	(2)
7. CONCLUSIONS	103	(1)
8. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION	103	(1)
9. SUGGESTED ADDITIONAL READING	104	(1)
10. REFERENCES	104	(3)
Temporal Reasoning of Reactive Web Services	107	(30)
1. WEB SERVICES AS REACTIVE SYSTEMS	107	(3)
2. A MOTIVATING EXAMPLE: AN ONLINE BOOKSTORE	110	(2)
3. INTERVAL TEMPORAL LOGIC	112	(7)
3.1 Model	112	(1)
3.2 Syntax	113	(2)
3.3 Informal Semantics	115	(1)
3.4 Derived Constructs	116	(1)
3.5 Types in ITL	117	(1)
3.6 Formal Semantics	117	(2)
4. COMPOSITIONAL REASONING FOR WEB SERVICES	119	(3)
4.1 Compositionality	120	(1)
4.2 Applying the Assumption-Commitment Paradigm to Web Services	120	(1)
4.3 An ITL Formalisation of Assumption-Commitment	121	(1)
5. FORMALISATION OF THE ONLINE BOOKSTORE	122	(2)
6. SEMANTIC ANNOTATION OF TEMPORAL SPECIFICATION: TESCO-S	124	(7)
6.1 The ITL-Tempura Ontology	125	(2)
6.2 OntoITL: A Pre-processor for Temporal Ontologies	127	(1)
6.3 AnaTempura: Validation of Tempura Specification	127	(2)
6.4 Validating the Customer: e-Bookshop Composition	129	(1)
6.5 Specifying Properties in the ITL-Tempura Ontology	130	(1)
7. CONCLUSIONS	131	(2)
8. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSIONS	133	(1)
9. SUGGESTED ADDITIONAL READING	133	(1)
10. REFERENCES	134	(3)
PART II: Semantic Web Processes	137	(110)
Basic Concepts in Choreography	139	(22)
1. INTRODUCTION	139	(2)
2. LITERATURE REVIEW	141	(6)
2.1 Business Process Languages	142	(1)
2.2 Choreography Languages	143	(3)
2.3 Semantic-driven Choreography Initiatives	146	(1)
3. DRIVING PRINCIPLES	147	(1)
4. GOALS: SEPARATION OF MODELS AND MEDIATION	148	(2)
4.1 Separation of Models	149	(1)
4.2 Mediation	150	(1)
5. SOPHIE: SEMANTIC WEB SERVICES CHOREOGRAPHI ENGINE	150	(5)
5.1 Overall Architecture	151	(1)
5.2 Models	152	(1)
5.3 Interface Functions	153	(2)
6. CASE STUDY	155	(1)
7. CONCLUSIONS	156	(1)
8. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION	157	(1)
9. SUGGESTED READINGS	157	(1)
10. REFERENCES	158	(3)
Designing Semantic Web Processes: The WSDL-S Approach	161	(34)
1. INTRODUCTION	161	(2)
2. BACKGROUND	163	(1)
3. DESIGN SEMANTIC WEB PROCESS USING WSDL-S	163	(11)
3.1 Service Annotation and Publish using Radiant	163	(3)
3.2 Semantic Discovery using Lumina	166	(3)
3.3 Process Design using Saros	169	(5)
4. SAMPLE USE CASE	174	(7)
5. RELATED WORK	181	(1)
6. CONCLUSION	182	(1)
7. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION	183	(1)
8. SUGGESTED ADDITIONAL READING	184	(1)
9. REFERENCES	184	(4)
10. APPENDIX	188	(7)
10.1 Appendix A: Semantic Template for the "Stock Quote" Service	188	(1)
10.2 Appendix B: The BPEL File for the User Case	189	(3)
10.3 Appendix C: The Process WSDL File for the User Case	192	(3)
Web Services Composition	195	(32)
1. INTRODUCTION	195	(2)
2. WEB SERVICES SELECTION	197	(4)
2.1 QoS (Non-functional) Model	198	(3)
3. WEB SERVICES COMPOSITION	201	(9)
3.1 Problem Description	201	(1)
3.2 Structure of Web Services Composition	202	(1)
3.3 Models to Compose Web Services	203	(7)
4. PROBLEM MODEL	210	(2)
4.1 Objectives	211	(1)
4.2 Constraints	212	(1)
5. MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION	212	(4)
5.1 Non-Pareto Approach	213	(1)
5.2 Pareto Approach	214	(2)
6. RELATED WORK	216	(2)
7. CASE STUDY	218	(4)
7.1 Experimentation	218	(4)
8. CONCLUSIONS	222	(1)
9. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION	222	(1)
10. SUGGESTED ADDITIONAL READING	223	(1)
11. ACKNOWLEDGMENT	223	(1)
12. REFERENCES	224	(3)
Matching and Mapping for Semantic Web Processes	227	(20)
1. INTRODUCTION	227	(5)
2. SEMANTIC MATCHING AND MAPPING	232	(1)
2.1 Generalized Schema	233	(1)
3. A FRAMEWORK FOR SCHEMA MATCHING	233	(2)
4. FINDING SEMANTIC SIMILARITIES BETWEEN ATTRIBUTES	235	(7)
4.1 Lexical Comparison of Terms	236	(1)
4.2 Semantic Similarity of Terms	236	(2)
4.3 Ontological Similarity of Terms	238	(2)
4.4 Type and Structural Similarity of Attributes	240	(1)
4.5 Combining Similarity of Attributes	241	(1)
5. SUMMARY	242	(1)
6. RELATED WORK	242	(1)
7. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION	243	(1)
8. SUGGESTED ADDITIONAL READING	244	(1)
9. REFERENCES	244	(3)
PART III: Real-world Applications	247	(134)
Developing an OWL Ontology for E-Tourism	249	(34)
1. INTRODUCTION	249	(1)
2. OWL AND THE SEMANTIC WEB STACK	250	(4)
2.1 URI and Unicode	251	(1)
2.2 XML	251	(1)
2.3 RDF	252	(1)
2.4 RDF Schema	253	(1)
2.5 Ontologies	253	(1)
3. LIMITATIONS OF RDFS	254	(2)
4. THREE TYPES OF OWL	256	(1)
5. OWL ONTOLOGY DEVELOPMENT	257	(16)
5.1 Header	259	(2)
5.2 Classes	261	(3)
5.3 Complex Classes	264	(1)
5.4 Enumeration	265	(1)
5.5 Properties	266	(4)
5.6 Property Restrictions	270	(2)
5.7 Cardinality Restrictions	272	(1)
6. PUTTING ALL TOGETHER: THE E-TOURISM ONTOLOGY	273	(7)
7. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION	280	(1)
8. SUGGESTED ADDITIONAL READING	281	(1)
9. REFERENCES	281	(2)
Semantic Technology for E-Government	283	(22)
1. INTRODUCTION	283	(1)
2. THE FEDERAL ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE REFERENCE MODEL (FEA-RM)	284	(2)
3. THE FEDERAL ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE REFERENCE MODEL ONTOLOGY (FEA-RMO)	286	(3)
4. THE E-GOV ONTOLOGY	289	(3)
5. EGOV FEA-BASED CAPABILITIES AND PARTNERING ADVISOR	292	(6)
5.1 Motivating User Scenario	293	(1)
5.2 Design of the FEA Capabilities Advisor	294	(4)
6. CONCLUSIONS	298	(1)
7. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION	299	(2)
8. SUGGESTED ADDITIONAL READING	301	(1)
9. REFERENCES	301	(4)
Bioinformatics Applications of Web Services, Web Processes and Role of Semantics	305	(18)
1. INTRODUCTION	305	(1)
2. SEMANTIC WEB SERVICES IN LIFE SCIENCE	306	(2)
3. BIOINFORMATICS WEB SERVICES AND PROCESSES	308	(9)
3.1 Computational Genomics	308	(5)
3.2 Computational Proteomics	313	(2)
3.3 Structural Bioinformatics	315	(2)
4. CASE STUDY	317	(3)
5. CONCLUSION	320	(1)
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT	320	(1)
7. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION	321	(1)
8. SUGGESTED ADDITIONAL READING	321	(1)
9. REFERENCES	321	(2)
Building Semantic Business Services	323	(28)
1. INTRODUCTION	323	(2)
2. TRADING USE CASES IN FUTURE MARKET	325	(1)
3. IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES	326	(2)
3.1 Understanding the Process	326	(1)
3.2 Definition of Business Model	327	(1)
3.3 Making Business Web Enabled	327	(1)
3.4 Access to Information for the Functionaries	328	(1)
3.5 Access to Instruments for End-Users	328	(1)
3.6 Negotiation Support	328	(1)
4. DEVELOPMENT	328	(3)
4.1 Model Act	329	(1)
4.2 Development of Business Objects	329	(1)
4.3 Exposing Discrete Functionality	329	(1)
4.4 Trading in Market	329	(1)
4.5 Post Compliance Development	330	(1)
5. DEVELOPING AGRICULTURAL MARKETING ONTOLOGY	331	(3)
5.1 Approach	331	(1)
5.2 Step-by-Step Development	332	(2)
6. BUILDING WEB SERVICES	334	(4)
6.1 Step-by-Step Development of Web Services	334	(4)
7. SEMANTIC WEB SERVICES	338	(3)
7.1 Relevant Standards	338	(1)
7.2 Approach	339	(1)
7.3 Step-by-Step Development	339	(2)
8. BUILDING BUSINESS PROCESS MODEL	341	(6)
8.1 Relevant Standards	341	(1)
8.2 Approach	342	(1)
8.3 Step-by-Step Development	342	(5)
9. CONCLUSION	347	(1)
10. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION	347	(1)
11. SUGGESTED ADDITIONAL READING	348	(1)
12. REFERENCES	349	(2)
Programming the Semantic Web	351	(30)
1. INTRODUCTION	351	(1)
2. THE SEMANTIC WEB STACK	352	(3)
3. SEMANTIC WEB DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTS	355	(2)
4. OUR RUNNING ONTOLOGY	357	(2)
5. USING JENA	359	(18)
5.1 Installing Jena	359	(1)
5.2 Creating an Ontology Model	360	(1)
5.3 Reading an Ontology Model	361	(1)
5.4 Manipulating Classes	362	(1)
5.5 Manipulating Properties	363	(2)
5.6 Manipulating Instances	365	(2)
5.7 Queries with Jena	367	(3)
5.8 Inference and Reasoning	370	(6)
5.9 Persistence	376	(1)
6. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION	377	(1)
7. SUGGESTED ADDITIONAL READINGS	378	(1)
8. REFERENCES	378	(3)
Index	381