Sensors And Low Power Signal Processing

by Islam, Syed Kamrul; Haider, Mohammad Rafiqul

• ISBN13: 9780387793917
• ISBN10: 0387793917
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-01-30
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

Low-power sensors and their applications in various fields ranging from military to civilian lives have made tremendous progress in the recent years. Low-power and extended battery life are the key focuses for long term, reliable and easy operation of these sensors. Sensors and Low Power Signal Processing provides a general overview of a sensor’s working principle and a discussion of the emerging sensor technologies including chemical, electro-chemical and MEMS based sensors. Also included is a discussion on design challenges associated with low-power analog circuits and the schemes to overcome them. Finally, a short discussion of some of the simple wireless telemetry schemes best suited for low-power sensor applications and sensor packaging issues is discussed. Applications and sensor prototypes included are environmental monitoring, health care monitoring and issues related to the development of sensor prototypes and associated electronics to achieve high signal-to-noise ratio will also be presented.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Sensors and General Applications	p. 1
Sensor Basics	p. 1
Sensor Types	p. 2
Power Supply Requirement	p. 2
Types of Output Signal	p. 2
Measurement Systems	p. 3
Applications	p. 4
Health care	p. 4
Environmental Monitoring	p. 4
Emerging Sensors and Sensor Technologies	p. 6
Electrochemical Sensors	p. 6
Electromechanical Sensors	p. 10
Summary	p. 16
References	p. 16
Devices for Low Power Electronics	p. 19
Device Scaling	p. 21
Constant Field Scaling	p. 22
Constant Voltage Scaling	p. 23
Silicon-on-Insulator CMOS	p. 24
Silicon-on-Insulator	p. 25
High-k Dielectric and Metal Gate Technology	p. 28
Summary	p. 30
References	p. 30
Low-Power Circuit Design	p. 31
Analog Circuit Design Principles	p. 31
Requirements of the System	p. 31
Signal Processing	p. 32
Indirect Feedback	p. 32
Choice of the Information-Carrying Signal	p. 35
Parasitics	p. 35
Challenges of Low-Voltage Analog Circuit Design	p. 36
Low-Power Circuit Techniques	p. 37
Subthreshold Operation	p. 38
Supply Voltage Reduction	p. 38
Bulk-Driven MOSFETs	p. 38
Floating-Gate MOSFET	p. 39
Self-Cascode Structure	p. 40
Summary	p. 41
References	p. 41
Wireless Telemetry and Low-Power Sensor Applications	p. 45
Introduction	p. 45
Communication System	p. 45
Wireless Communication	p. 46
Radio Wave Propagation in Free Space	p. 46
Loss Mechanisms in Radio Wave Propagation	p. 48
Wireless Technologies	p. 50
Single-Carrier Narrowband Communication	p. 51
Spread Spectrum Communication	p. 51
Modulation Schemes	p. 52
Amplitude-Shift Keying	p. 53
Frequency-Shift Keying	p. 54
Low-Power Transmitter in Integrated Sensor System	p. 54
Conventional or Direct Conversion Transmitter	p. 56
Direct Modulation Transmitter	p. 56
Injection-Locked Transmitter	p. 57
Active Antenna Transmitter	p. 58
Conclusion	p. 58
References	p. 59
Sensors Prototypes and Applications	p. 61
Introduction	p. 61
Environmental Monitoring	p. 61
Electrochemical Sensors	p. 62
Biophotonic Biosensors	p. 63
Bioluminescent Bioreporter Integrated Circuits	p. 68
Environmental Sensing Using BBIC Platform	p. 70
Applications of Sensors Array for Environmental Monitoring	p. 74
Single Substance Detection	p. 74
Odor Monitoring	p. 75
Continuous Monitoring of the Environment	p. 76
Air Quality Monitoring	p. 76
Water Quality Monitoring	p. 77
Security Applications	p. 79
Healthcare Applications	p. 83
Sensor Networks for Medical Applications	p. 85
Conclusions	p. 87
References	p. 87
Development of Sensor Prototypes and Associated Electronics	p. 93
Introduction	p. 93
Power Management	p. 93
Energy Sources	p. 94
Low-Dropout Voltage Regulator	p. 95
Series Regulator	p. 96
Sampling Resistors	p. 97
Error Amplifier	p. 98
Pass Element	p. 100
Voltage Reference	p. 102
Temperature Compensation	p. 102
ASIC design Board-Level Implementation, and Monolithic Integration	p. 103
Literature Review	p. 104
System Architecture	p. 105
Test Results	p. 107
Conclusion and Future Works	p. 111
Summary	p. 112
References	p. 112
Conclusions	p. 115
Index	p. 117
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