Separation Process Principles

by J. D. Seader (Univ. of Utah ); Ernest J. Henley (Univ. of Houston )

• ISBN13: 9780471586265
• ISBN10: 0471586269
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-01-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

This book examines rate-based and equilibrium-based approaches to separation operations. It describes the fundamentals of all separation operations of commercial interest, and includes theory and application examples in each chapter, as well as over 600 exercises.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Separation Processes	1	(30)
1.1 Industrial Chemical Processes	1	(4)
1.2 Mechanism of Separation	5	(2)
1.3 Separation by Phase Addition or Creation	7	(7)
1.4 Separation by Barrier	14	(2)
1.5 Separation by Solid Agent	16	(2)
1.6 Separation by External Field or Gradient	18	(1)
1.7 Component Recoveries and Product Purities	19	(3)
1.8 Separation Power	22	(1)
1.9 Selection of Feasible Separation Processes	23	(4)
Summary	27	(1)
References	28	(1)
Exercises	28	(3)
Chapter 2 Thermodynamics of Separation Operations	31	(59)
2.1 Energy, Entropy, and Availability Balances	31	(59)
2.2 Phase Equilibria	36	(6)
Fugacities and Activity Coefficients	37	(1)
K-Values	38	(4)
2.3 Ideal Gas, Ideal Liquid Solution Model	42	(5)
2.4 Graphical Correlations of Thermodynamic Properties	47	(4)
2.5 Nonideal Thermodynamic Property Models	51	(12)
P-v-T Equation-of-State Models	54	(4)
Derived Thermodynamic Properties from P-v-T Models	58	(5)
2.6 Activity Coefficient Models for the Liquid Phase	63	(20)
Activity Coefficients from Gibbs Free Energy	63	(1)
Regular Solution Model	64	(2)
Chao-Seader Correlation	66	(2)
Nonideal Liquid Solutions	68	(4)
Margules Equations	72	(1)
van Laar Equation	72	(2)
Local Composition Concept and Wilson Equation	74	(4)
NRTL Equation	78	(1)
UNIQUAC Equation	79	(1)
UNIFAC Equation	80	(2)
Liquid-Liquid Equilibria	82	(1)
Summary	83	(1)
References	83	(1)
Exercises	84	(6)
Chapter 3 Mass Transfer and Diffusion	90	(73)
3.1 Steady-State Ordinary Molecular Diffusion	91	(8)
Fick's Law of Diffusion	92	(1)
Velocities in Mass Transfer	92	(1)
Equimolar Counterdiffusion	93	(2)
Unimolecular Diffusion	95	(4)
3.2 Diffusion Coefficients	99	(18)
Diffusivity in Gas Mixtures	99	(2)
Diffusivity in Liquid Mixtures	101	(8)
Diffusivity in Solids	109	(8)
3.3 One-Dimensional Steady-State and Unsteady-State Molecular Diffusion	117	(9)
Steady State	117	(1)
Unsteady State	118	(8)
3.4 Molecular Diffusion in Laminar Flow	126	(14)
Falling Liquid Film	127	(6)
Boundary-Layer Flow on a Flat Plate	133	(3)
Fully Developed Flow in a Straight, Circular Tube	136	(4)
3.5 Mass Transfer in Turbulent Flow	140	(4)
Reynolds Analogy	141	(1)
Chilton-Colburn Analogy	142	(1)
Prandtl Analogy	143	(1)
3.6 Models for Mass Transfer at a Fluid-Fluid Interface	144	(6)
Film Theory	145	(1)
Penetration Theory	146	(1)
Surface Renewal Theory	147	(2)
Film-Penetration Theory	149	(1)
3.7 Two-Film Theory and Overall Mass Transfer Coefficients	150	(7)
Gas-Liquid Case	150	(3)
Liquid-Liquid Case	153	(1)
Case of Large Driving Forces for Mass Transfer	154	(3)
Summary	157	(1)
References	158	(1)
Exercises	159	(4)
Chapter 4 Single Equilibrium Stages and Flash Calculations	163	(69)
4.1 The Gibbs Phase Rule and Degrees of Freedom	163	(3)
Degrees-of-Freedom Analysis	164	(2)
4.2 Binary Vapor-Liquid Systems	166	(7)
4.3 Azeotropic Systems	173	(3)
4.4 Multicomponent Flash, Bubble-Point, and Dew-Point Calculations	176	(10)
Isothermal Flash	178	(3)
Bubble and Dew Points	181	(3)
Adiabatic Flash	184	(2)
4.5 Ternary Liquid-Liquid Systems	186	(9)
4.6 Multicomponent Liquid-Liquid Systems	195	(3)
4.7 Solid-Liquid Systems	198	(9)
Leaching	198	(3)
Crystallization	201	(3)
Liquid Adsorption	204	(3)
4.8 Gas-Liquid Systems	207	(4)
4.9 Gas-Solid Systems	211	(2)
Sublimation and Desublimation	211	(1)
Gas Adsorption	212	(1)
4.10 Multiphase Systems	213	(7)
Approximate Method for a Vapor-Liquid-Solid System	214	(1)
Approximate Method for a Vapor-Liquid-Liquid System	215	(3)
Rigorous Method for a Vapor-Liquid-Liquid System	218	(2)
Summary	220	(1)
References	221	(1)
Exercises	222	(10)
Chapter 5 Cascades	232	(38)
5.1 Cascade Configurations	232	(2)
5.2 Solid-Liquid Cascades	234	(3)
5.3 Single-Section Liquid-Liquid Extraction Cascades	237	(4)
Cocurrent Cascade	238	(1)
Crosscurrent Cascade	239	(1)
Countercurrent Cascade	239	(2)
5.4 Multicomponent Vapor-Liquid Cascades	241	(12)
Single-Section Cascades by Group Methods	242	(4)
Two-Section Cascades	246	(7)
5.5 Degrees of Freedom and Specifications for Countercurrent Cascades	253	(10)
Stream Variables	254	(1)
Adiabatic or Nonadiabatic Equilibrium Stage	254	(1)
Single-Section Countercurrent Cascade	255	(2)
Two-Section Countercurrent Cascades	257	(6)
Summary	263	(1)
References	264	(1)
Exercises	264	(6)
Chapter 6 Absorption and Stripping of Dilute Mixtures	270	(85)
6.1 Equipment	273	(8)
6.2 General Design Considerations	281	(1)
6.3 Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method for Trayed Towers	282	(7)
Minimum Absorbent Flow Rate	284	(1)
Number of Equilibrium Stages	285	(4)
6.4 Algebraic Method for Determining the Number of Equilibrium Stages	289	(3)
6.5 Stage Efficiency	292	(13)
Performance Data	293	(1)
Empirical Correlations	294	(5)
Semitheoretical Models	299	(4)
Scale-up from Laboratory Data	303	(2)
6.6 Tray Capacity, Pressure Drop, and Mass Transfer	305	(12)
Tray Diameter	306	(4)
Tray Vapor Pressure Drop	310	(2)
Mass Transfer Coefficients and Transfer Units	312	(3)
Weeping, Entrainment, and Downcomer Backup	315	(2)
6.7 Rate-Based Method for Packed Columns	317	(8)
6.8 Packed Column Efficiency, Capacity, and Pressure Drop	325	(17)
Liquid Holdup	325	(5)
Capacity and Pressure Drop	330	(5)
Mass Transfer Efficiency	335	(7)
6.9 Concentrated Solutions in Packed Column	342	(4)
Summary	346	(1)
References	347	(1)
Exercises	348	(7)
Chapter 7 Distillation of Binary Mixtures	355	(64)
7.1 Equipment and Design Considerations	358	(1)
7.2 McCabe-Thiele Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method for Trayed Towers	359	(32)
Rectifying Section	362	(3)
Stripping Section	365	(1)
Feed-Stage Considerations	366	(3)
Determination of Number of Equilibrium Stages and Feed-Stage Location	369	(1)
Limiting Conditions	369	(5)
Column Operating Pressure and Condenser Type	374	(2)
Subcooled Reflux	376	(4)
Reboiler Type	380	(1)
Condenser and Reboiler Duties	381	(1)
Feed Preheat	382	(1)
Optimal Reflux Ratio	382	(2)
Large Number of Stages	384	(2)
Use of Murphree Efficiency	386	(1)
Multiple Feeds, Side Streams, and Open Steam	387	(4)
7.3 Estimation of Stage Efficiency	391	(6)
Performance Data	391	(1)
Empirical Correlations	392	(3)
Semitheoretical Models	395	(1)
Scale-up from Laboratory Data	396	(1)
7.4 Capacity of Trayed Towers and Reflux Drums	397	(1)
Reflux Drums	397	(1)
7.5 Rate-Based Method for Packed Columns	398	(6)
HETP Method	399	(1)
HTU Method	400	(4)
7.6 Ponchon-Savarit Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method for Trayed Towers	404	(2)
Summary	406	(1)
References	407	(1)
Exercises	408	(11)
Chapter 8 Liquid-Liquid Extraction with Ternary Systems	419	(73)
8.1 Equipment	423	(9)
Mixer-Settlers	424	(2)
Spray Columns	426	(1)
Packed Columns	426	(1)
Plate Columns	426	(1)
Columns with Mechanically Assisted Agitation	427	(5)
8.2 General Design Considerations	432	(6)
8.3 Hunter and Nash Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method	438	(21)
Number of Equilibrium Stages	440	(4)
Minimum and Maximum Solvent-to-Feed Flow-Rate Ratios	444	(4)
Use of Right-Triangle Diagrams	448	(3)
Use of an Auxiliary Distribution Curve	451	(2)
Extract and Raffinate Reflux	453	(6)
8.4 Maloney and Schubert Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method	459	(6)
8.5 Theory and Scale-up of Extractor Performance	465	(19)
Mixer-Settler Units	465	(10)
Multicompartment Columns	475	(5)
Axial Dispersion	480	(4)
Summary	484	(1)
References	485	(1)
Exercises	486	(6)
Chapter 9 Approximate Methods for Multicomponent, Multistage Separations	492	(34)
9.1 Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland Method	492	(22)
Selection of Two Key Components	493	(2)
Column Operating Pressure	495	(2)
Fenske Equation for Minimum Equilibrium Stages	497	(3)
Distribution of Nonkey Components at Total Reflux	500	(1)
Underwood Equations for Minimum Reflux	501	(7)
Gilliland Correlation for Actual Reflux Ratio and Theoretical Stages	508	(3)
Feed-Stage Location	511	(1)
Distribution of Nonkey Components at Actual Reflux	512	(2)
9.2 Kremser Group Method	514	(7)
Strippers	514	(4)
Liquid-Liquid Extraction	518	(3)
Summary	521	(1)
References	521	(1)
Exercises	522	(4)
Chapter 10 Equilibrium-Based Methods for Multicomponent Absorption, Stripping, Distillation, and Extraction	526	(60)
10.1 Theoretical Model for an Equilibrium Stage	526	(4)
10.2 General Strategy of Mathematical Solution	530	(1)
10.3 Equation-Tearing Procedures	531	(24)
Tridiagonal Matrix Algorithm	531	(3)
Bubble-Point Method for Distillation	534	(10)
Sum-Rates Method for Absorption and Stripping	544	(7)
Isothermal Sum-Rates Method for Liquid-Liquid Extraction	551	(4)
10.4 Simultaneous Correction Procedures	555	(14)
10.5 Inside-Out Method	569	(8)
MESH Equations	571	(1)
Rigorous and Complex Thermodynamic Property Models	571	(1)
Approximate Thermodynamic Property Models	572	(1)
Inside-Out Algorithm	573	(4)
Summary	577	(1)
References	578	(1)
Exercises	579	(7)
Chapter 11 Enhanced Distillation and Supercritical Extraction	586	(69)
11.1 Use of Triangular Graphs	587	(17)
Residue-Curve Maps	591	(8)
Distillation-Curve Maps	599	(3)
Product-Composition Regions at Total Reflux	602	(2)
11.2 Extractive Distillation	604	(7)
11.3 Salt Distillation	611	(1)
11.4 Pressure-Swing Distillation	612	(4)
11.5 Homogeneous Azeotropic Distillation	616	(5)
11.6 Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation	621	(10)
Multiplicity	627	(4)
11.7 Reactive Distillation	631	(10)
11.8 Supercritical-Fluid Extraction	641	(9)
Summary	650	(1)
References	651	(2)
Exercises	653	(2)
Chapter 12 Rate-Based Models for Distillation	655	(26)
12.1 Rate-Based Model	658	(4)
12.2 Thermodynamic Properties and Transport-Rate Expressions	662	(5)
12.3 Methods for Estimating Transport Coefficients and Interfacial Area	667	(1)
12.4 Vapor and Liquid Flow Patterns	668	(1)
12.5 Method of Calculation	668	(9)
ChemSep Program	668	(6)
RATEFRAC Program	674	(3)
Summary	677	(1)
References	677	(1)
Exercises	677	(4)
Chapter 13 Batch Distillation	681	(32)
13.1 Differential Distillation	681	(4)
13.2 Binary Batch Rectification with Constant Reflux and Variable Distillate Composition	685	(3)
13.3 Binary Batch Rectification with Constant Distillate Composition and Variable Reflux	688	(1)
13.4 Batch Stripping and Complex Batch Distillation	689	(2)
13.5 Effect of Liquid Holdup	691	(1)
13.6 Shortcut Method for Multicomponent Batch Rectification with Constant Reflux	691	(4)
13.7 Stage-by-Stage Methods for Multicomponent Batch Rectification	695	(13)
Rigorous Model	695	(3)
Rigorous Integration Method	698	(7)
Rapid Solution Method	705	(3)
Summary	708	(1)
References	708	(1)
Exercises	709	(4)
Chapter 14 Membrane Separations	713	(65)
14.1 Membrane Materials	718	(4)
14.2 Membrane Modules	722	(3)
14.3 Transport in Membranes	725	(22)
Porous Membranes	725	(1)
Bulk Flow	726	(2)
Liquid Diffusion	728	(1)
Gas Diffusion	729	(2)
Nonporous Membranes	731	(1)
Solution-Diffusion for Liquid Mixtures	731	(2)
Solution-Diffusion for Gas Mixtures	733	(5)
Module Flow Patterns	738	(3)
Cascades	741	(4)
Concentration Polarization	745	(2)
14.4 Dialysis and Electrodialysis	747	(8)
Electrodialysis	750	(5)
14.5 Reverse Osmosis	755	(6)
14.6 Gas Permeation	761	(4)
14.7 Pervaporation	765	(6)
Summary	771	(2)
References	773	(1)
Exercises	773	(5)
Chapter 15 Adsorption, Ion Exchange, and Chromatography	778	(103)
15.1 Sorbents	781	(13)
Adsorbents	782	(7)
Ion Exchangers	789	(3)
Sorbents for Chromatography	792	(2)
15.2 Equilibrium Considerations	794	(17)
Pure Gas Adsorption	794	(8)
Liquid Adsorption	802	(4)
Ion Exchange Equilibria	806	(4)
Equilibria in Chromatography	810	(1)
15.3 Kinetic and Transport Considerations	811	(9)
External Transport	812	(4)
Internal Transport	816	(2)
Mass Transfer in Ion Exchange and Chromatography	818	(2)
15.4 Sorption Systems	820	(50)
Adsorption	820	(4)
Ion Exchange	824	(1)
Chromatography	825	(2)
Slurry Adsorption (Contact Filtration)	827	(4)
Fixed-Bed Adsorption (Percolation)	831	(12)
Thermal-Swing Adsorption	843	(5)
Pressure-Swing Adsorption	848	(8)
Continuous Countercurrent Adsorption Systems	856	(5)
Ion-Exchange Cycle	861	(2)
Chromatographic Separations	863	(7)
Summary	870	(2)
References	872	(1)
Exercises	873	(8)
Index	881