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Preface to the Fourth Edition v
General Nomenclature xiii
Dimensions and Units xvii
1. Separation Processes 1
1.0∗ Instructional Objectives 1
1.1∗ Industrial Chemical Processes 1
1.2∗ Basic Separation Techniques 3
1.3⚬ Separations by Phase Creation 4
1.4⚬ Separations by Phase Addition 6
1.5⚬ Separations by Barrier 7
1.6⚬ Separations by an External Field or Gradient 7
1.7∗ Brief Comparison of Common Separation Operations 8
1.8∗ Separation Processes, Product Purity, Component Recovery, and Separation Sequences 9
Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises
2. Thermodynamics of Separation Operations 16
2.0∗ Instructional Objectives 16
2.1∗ Phase Equilibria 16
2.2∗ Ideal-Gas, Ideal-Liquid-Solution Model 20
2.3⚬ Graphical Representation of Thermodynamic Properties 21
2.4⚬ Nonideal Thermodynamic Property Models 23
2.5⚬ P-v-T Equation-of-State (EOS) Models 23
2.6⚬ Highly Nonideal Liquid Solutions 27
2.7⚬ Gibbs Excess Free-Energy (gE) Models 29
2.8⚬ Predictive Models 34
2.9⚬ Electrolyte Solution Models 36
2.10⚬ Polymer Solution Models 36
2.11∗ K-Value Methods in Process Simulators 36
2.12∗ Exergy and Second-Law Analysis 37
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises
3. Mass Transfer and Diffusion 46
3.0∗ Instructional Objectives 46
3.1∗ Steady-State, Ordinary Molecular Diffusion 47
3.2∗ Diffusion Coefficients (Diffusivities) 51
3.3∗ Steady-State and Unsteady-State Mass Transfer Through Stationary Media 58
3.4∗ Mass Transfer in Laminar Flow 60
3.5∗ Mass Transfer in Turbulent Flow 68
3.6∗ Models for Mass Transfer in Fluids with a Fluid–Fluid Interface 73
3.7∗ Two-Film Theory and Overall Mass-Transfer Coefficients 76
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises
4. Single Equilibrium Stages and Flash Calculations 87
4.0∗ Instructional Objectives 87
4.1∗ Gibbs’ Phase Rule and Degrees of Freedom 88
4.2∗ Binary Vapor–Liquid Systems at Equilibrium 89
4.3∗ Equilibrium Two-Phase Flash Calculations 93
4.4∗ Ternary Liquid–Liquid Systems at Equilibrium 97
4.5⚬ Multicomponent Liquid–Liquid Systems 101
4.6∗ Liquid–Solid Systems 102
4.7∗ Gas–Liquid Systems 104
4.8∗ Gas–Solid Systems 105
4.9⦁ Three-Phase Equilibrium Systems 107
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises
5. Multistage Cascades and Hybrid Systems 118
5.0∗ Instructional Objectives 118
5.1∗ Cascade Configurations 118
5.2∗ Single-Section Liquid–Liquid Extraction Cascades 119
5.3∗ Two-Section Distillation Cascades 121
5.4⚬ Membrane Cascades 123
5.5⚬ Hybrid Systems 125
5.6∗ Degrees of Freedom and Specifications for Cascades 125
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises
6. Absorption and Stripping 137
6.0∗ Instructional Objectives 137
6.1⚬ Equipment for Vapor–Liquid Separations 138
6.2⚬ General Design Considerations 143
6.3∗ Graphical Method for Trayed Towers 144
6.4∗ Kremser Group Method for Multicomponent Absorption and Stripping 148
6.5∗ Stage Efficiency and Column Height for Trayed Columns 154
6.6∗ Flooding, Column Diameter, and Tray Layout for Trayed Columns 161
6.7∗ Rate-Based Method for Packed Columns 164
6.8∗ Packed-Column Liquid Holdup, Diameter, Flooding, Pressure Drop, and Mass-Transfer Efficiency 169
6.9⦁ Reactive (Chemical) Absorption 180
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises
7. Distillation of Binary Mixtures 191
7.0∗ Instructional Objectives 191
7.1⚬ Equipment and Design Considerations 193
7.2∗ McCabe–Thiele Graphical Method for Trayed Towers 193
7.3⚬ Extensions of the McCabe–Thiele Method 203
7.4∗ Estimation of Tray Efficiency for Distillation 208
7.5∗ Column and Reflux-Drum Diameters 215
7.6∗ Rate-Based Method for Packed Distillation Columns 216
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises
8. Liquid–Liquid Extraction with Ternary Systems 231
8.0∗ Instructional Objectives 231
8.1⚬ Equipment for Solvent Extraction 233
8.2⚬ General Design Considerations 239
8.3∗ Hunter–Nash Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method 243
8.4⚬ Theory and Scale-Up of Extractor Performance 252
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises
9. Approximate Methods for Multicomponent Distillation 267
9.0∗ Instructional Objectives 267
9.1∗ Fenske–Underwood–Gilliland (FUG) Method 267
9.2∗ Using the Shortcut (FUG) Method with Process Simulators 279
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises
10. Equilibrium-Based Methods for Multicomponent Absorption, Stripping, Distillation, and Extraction 284
10.0∗ Instructional Objectives 284
10.1∗ Simple Model for a Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium Stage 284
10.2⦁ Evolution of Methods for Solving the Mesh Equations 286
10.3∗ Strategies for Applying Process-Simulator Methods 287
10.4∗ Main Mathematical Procedures 291
10.5∗ Bubble-Point (BP) and Sum-Rates (SR) Methods 294
10.6∗ Simultaneous-Correction Method 297
10.7∗ Inside-Out Method 304
10.8⦁ Rigorous Methods for Liquid–Liquid Extraction 309
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises
11. Enhanced Distillation and Supercritical Extraction 320
11.0∗ Instructional Objectives 320
11.1∗ Use of Triangular Graphs 321
11.2∗ Extractive Distillation 332
11.3⦁ Salt Distillation 335
11.4⦁ Pressure-Swing Distillation 337
11.5⦁ Homogeneous Azeotropic Distillation 339
11.6∗ Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation 343
11.7⦁ Reactive Distillation 352
11.8⦁ Supercritical-Fluid Extraction 357
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises
12. Rate-Based Models for Vapor–Liquid Separation Operations 368
12.0⦁ Instructional Objectives 368
12.1⦁ Rate-Based Model 370
12.2⦁ Thermodynamic Properties and Transport-Rate Expressions 372
12.3⦁ Methods for Estimating Transport Coefficients and Interfacial Area 375
12.4⦁ Vapor and Liquid Flow Patterns 375
12.5⦁ Method of Calculation 376
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises
13. Batch Distillation 385
13.0∗ Instructional Objectives 385
13.1∗ Differential Distillation 385
13.2∗ Binary Batch Rectification 388
13.3⦁ Batch Stripping and Complex Batch Distillation 390
13.4⦁ Effect of Liquid Holdup 391
13.5∗ Stage-by-Stage Methods for Batch Rectification 391
13.6∗ Intermediate-Cut Strategy 400
13.7⦁ Optimal Control by Variation of Reflux Ratio 401
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises ∗Suitable for an UG course ⚬Optional ⦁Advanced
14. Membrane Separations 408
14.0∗ Instructional Objectives 408
14.1⚬ Membrane Materials 410
14.2⚬ Membrane Modules 414
14.3∗ Mass Transfer in Membranes 416
14.4∗ Dialysis 430
14.5⚬ Electrodialysis 432
14.6∗ Reverse Osmosis 434
14.7∗ Gas Permeation 438
14.8⚬ Pervaporation 441
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises
15. Adsorption, Ion Exchange, and Chromatography 451
15.0∗ Instructional Objectives 451
15.1∗ Sorbents 453
15.2∗ Equilibrium Considerations 461
15.3∗ Kinetic and Transport Rate Considerations 470
15.4⚬ Equipment for Sorption Operations 475
15.5∗ Slurry and Fixed-Bed Adsorption Systems 479
15.6∗ Continuous, Countercurrent Adsorption Systems 494
15.7⚬ Ion-Exchange Cycle 502
15.8∗ Chromatographic Separations 503
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises
Answers to Selected Exercises 519
Index 521
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