Service Characteristics of Biomedical Materials and Implants, Volume 3

by Batchelor, Andrew W.

• ISBN13: 9781860944758
• ISBN10: 1860944752
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-12-01
• Publisher: IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS

Summary

- Emphasizes the changes to the implanted material and the response by the recipient's body to the biomaterial that occurs during the service life of the material- Provides condensed information on various topics, such as the mechanisms of the failure of implants, the environment and tissue reactions to implants and devices, safety issues and disposal of biomaterials.- More than 25 illustrations explain the mechanisms of the failure of implants, infections and allergies due to devices and implants

Table of Contents

Dedications	v
Preface	vii
Acknowledgements	ix
Table of Contents	xi
Introduction	1	(14)
Definitions and requirements of biomedical implants	1	(1)
Biocompatibility and biodegradability	1	(1)
History of development of biomedical materials and implants	2	(2)
The range of biomedical materials and implants	4	(5)
Biomedical implants as active mediators of tissue growth	7	(2)
Service problems of biomedical materials	9	(2)
Prediction of service life of implants	11	(1)
Disposal of biomedical materials	12	(1)
Structure of this book	12	(1)
Summary	13	(2)
References	13	(2)
Physiological Environment of the Human Body	15	(8)
Introduction	15	(1)
Physiological and chemical environment	15	(4)
The physical environment	15	(1)
The chemical environment	16	(2)
Changes that occur in pH	18	(1)
Human cells and cellular matrices	19	(1)
White blood cells	19	(1)
Tissue fluids and circulation systems	20	(2)
Summary	22	(1)
References	22	(1)
Implantation and Physiological Responses to Biomaterials	23	(38)
Introduction	23	(1)
Toxic action of implanted materials	23	(10)
Adsorption of toxic substances through the digestive tract	25	(1)
Initiation of cancer and allergic response of biomaterials	25	(1)
Cancer	25	(3)
Allergy	28	(1)
Mechanism of allergies and their classification	29	(2)
Practical causes of allergy	31	(1)
Allergies caused by implants	31	(1)
Allergies caused by contact	31	(1)
Allergies caused by occupation	32	(1)
Infection from implanted biomaterials	33	(17)
Agents of infection	33	(1)
Bacteria	33	(3)
Viruses	36	(1)
Infection from arterial prostheses, prosthetic heart valves, orthopaedic implants, and catheters	37	(1)
Arterial prostheses and prosthetic heart valves	37	(1)
Orthopaedic implants	38	(1)
Infection mechanisms, bacterial biofilms and contaminated catheters	39	(1)
Bacterial biofilms	40	(4)
Fungal Biofilms	44	(1)
Fever and elevation of body temperature	44	(1)
Effect of immediate adsorption of proteins on surface	44	(1)
Effect of immune response on biomaterials	45	(1)
Sterilization of biomaterials	45	(1)
The protective responses of the body	46	(1)
Passive non-specific defenses	46	(1)
The immune system and the immune response	47	(3)
Reactions with fibrinogen	50	(2)
Role of plasma proteins and platelets	51	(1)
Cell-biomaterial interactions	52	(3)
Mechanism of cell adhesion	52	(1)
Intra-cellular adhesion and the construction of tissue	52	(1)
Adhesion to alien materials	53	(1)
Detrimental adhesion by bacterial cells	54	(1)
Biocorrosion	55	(1)
Summary	56	(5)
References	56	(5)
Orthopaedic Prostheses	61	(46)
Introduction	61	(1)
Synovial lubrication and origins of arthritis	62	(6)
Structure of a synovial joint	62	(1)
Synovial lubrication	63	(4)
Causes of arthritis	67	(1)
Materials for orthopaedic prostheses	68	(9)
Implant materials chosen to optimize synovial lubrication	71	(1)
Wear-resistant materials for orthopaedic implants	71	(2)
Metals and polymers	73	(1)
Ceramic materials	73	(1)
Composite materials	74	(1)
Cementation of implants and bioactive coatings	74	(1)
Bioactive coatings from hydroxyapatite and related materials	75	(1)
Sterilisation of orthopaedic prostheses	76	(1)
Highly cross--linked UHMWPE and enhanced wear resistance	77	(1)
Fracture of orthopaedic prostheses	77	(1)
Wear and corrosion of orthopaedic prostheses	78	(5)
Wear mechanisms of orthopaedic prostheses	78	(5)
Bone substitutes	83	(2)
Tissue inflammation and bone resorption	85	(5)
Tissue inflammations induced by wear particles of metals and polymers	85	(1)
Progressive bone resorption by load shielding	86	(2)
Cementation of orthopaedic prostheses to surrounding bone	88	(1)
Loss of mechanical strength and resultant fracture	89	(1)
Debris release and inflammation of surrounding tissues	89	(1)
Debonding of the cement to either the implant or the bone	89	(1)
Bone fixation plates and spinal implants	90	(3)
Fracture plates	90	(1)
Spinal implants	91	(2)
Summary	93	(14)
References	93	(14)
Cardiac, Vascular and Neural Implants	107	(28)
Introduction	107	(1)
The origins and modes of heart disorder	108	(1)
Artificial heart valves	109	(12)
Valves made from artificial materials	110	(2)
Valves made from denatured animal tissues	112	(3)
Bioprostheses	115	(1)
Mechanical heart valves	115	(1)
Environmental and functional requirements	116	(1)
Wear and fracture of heart valves	117	(3)
Effects on tissues and blood	120	(1)
Stents for cardiac blood vessels	121	(4)
Implantation of pacemakers	125	(1)
Vascular implants	125	(1)
Neural implants	126	(2)
Summary	128	(7)
References	128	(7)
Dental Implants	135	(26)
Introduction	135	(1)
Origins of dental decay and tooth loss	136	(1)
Materials for dental implants	137	(2)
Oral implants	137	(1)
Bone graft materials	138	(1)
Materials for dental fixators	139	(4)
Prosthodontic materials and implants	142	(1)
Dental restorative materials	143	(1)
Restorations, orthodontic and periodontic materials	144	(2)
Orthodontic implants	145	(1)
Endodontic implants	146	(1)
Wear of restorative materials	146	(4)
Corrosion behavior of dental restorative materials	150	(3)
Metal amalgam restorative materials	150	(2)
Ceramic and polymer restorative materials	152	(1)
Summary	153	(8)
References	153	(8)
Bioartificial Pancreas and Bioartificial Liver	161	(10)
Introduction	161	(1)
Diabetes and liver disease	162	(1)
The pancreas and liver	162	(2)
Immuno-isolation	164	(3)
Islet preservation and encapsulation	166	(1)
Vascular immuno-isolation devices	166	(1)
Extravascular immuno-isolation devices	167	(1)
Bio reactor for hybrid liver support	167	(2)
Summary	169	(2)
References	169	(2)
Implants and Biomaterials for External Bodily Functions and Cosmetic Advantage	171	(12)
Introduction	171	(1)
Opthalmic implants and contact lenses	172	(3)
Opthalmic implants	173	(1)
Contact lenses	173	(2)
Breast implants and IUDS	175	(2)
Breast implants	175	(1)
Intra-uterine devices	176	(1)
Skin grafts	177	(1)
Materials for wound dressing	177	(3)
Synthetic fibre and polyurethane foam dressings	177	(1)
Alginate, hydrogel dressings	178	(1)
Cloth impregnated with activated charcoal and silver	178	(1)
Hydrocolloid dressings and the maggot treatment of wounds	179	(1)
Implants for cosmetic advantage	180	(1)
Summary	180	(3)
References	181	(2)
Tissue Scaffolds	183	(18)
Introduction	183	(4)
Biodegradable polymers and Bio active surfaces	187	(1)
Synthetic extra-cellular matrices	188	(1)
Scaffolding materials	189	(1)
Applications of tissue scaffolds	189	(2)
Tissue engineering with scaffolds	189	(1)
Controlled and localized release of drugs	190	(1)
Three dimensional cell culture and the manufacture of scaffolds	191	(3)
Manufacture of a the scaffold with a 3-dimensional structure	191	(1)
Manufacturing of precursors	191	(1)
Electrostatic spinning and the manufacture of extremely fine polymer fibres	192	(1)
Generation of porosity in scaffolding fibres	192	(2)
Hydrogel scaffolds	194	(1)
Service problems of tissue scaffolds	194	(2)
Mechanical strength of scaffolds	195	(1)
Service life of scaffolds	195	(1)
Promotion of cell growth inside the scaffold	196	(1)
Summary	196	(5)
References	197	(4)
Physiological Reactions to External Support Systems	201	(6)
Introduction	201	(1)
Kidney dialysis	201	(2)
External blood pumps	203	(1)
Ventricular assist devices and monitoring	204	(1)
Summary	205	(2)
References	205	(2)
Drug Delivery Systems	207	(8)
Introduction	207	(2)
Physicochemical and mass transfer considerations in microencapsulation	209	(1)
Materials for the selective delivery of drugs	210	(1)
Materials for sustained release of drugs	211	(1)
Summary	212	(3)
References	212	(3)
Physiological Reaction to Medical Instrumentation and Disposal of Used Biomaterials	215	(14)
Introduction	215	(1)
Endoscopes	216	(1)
Biosensors	217	(1)
Ultra-Sound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging	218	(1)
Radiology	219	(1)
Waste disposal of used biomaterials	220	(3)
Waste disposal problems during the manufacture of biomedical materials	222	(1)
Disposal of dental amalgams	222	(1)
Disposal of kidney dialysis systems	222	(1)
Re-use of biomaterials	223	(2)
Summary	225	(4)
References	225	(4)
Appendix 1 Government and Technical Society Standards for Biomedical Materials	229	(4)
Appendix 2 Experimental Apparatus to measure the Service Characteristics of Implants	233	(6)
Index	239