Service-Oriented Computing Semantics, Processes, Agents

by Singh, Munindar P.; Huhns, Michael N.

• ISBN13: 9780470091487
• ISBN10: 0470091487
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-01-14
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

This comprehensive text explains the principles and practice of Web services and relates all concepts to practical examples and emerging standards. Its discussions include: Ontologies Semantic web technologies Peer-to-peer service discovery Service selection Web structure and link analysis Distributed transactions Process modelling Consistency management. The application of these technologies is clearly explained within the context of planning, negotiation, contracts, compliance, privacy, and network policies. The presentation of the intellectual underpinnings of Web services draws from several key disciplines such as databases, distributed computing, artificial intelligence, and multi-agent systems for techniques and formalisms. Ideas from these disciplines are united in the context of Web services and service-based applications. Featuring an accompanying website and teacher's manual that includes a complete set of transparencies for lectures, copies of open-source software for exercises and working implementations, and resources to conduct course projects, this book makes an excellent graduate textbook. It will also prove an invaluable reference and training tool for practitioners.

Author Biography

Munindar P. Singh is a Professor of computer Science at North Carolina State University From 1989 through 1995, he was with the Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (better known as MCC). Melinda's research interests include multiagent systems and Web services. He focuses on applications in e-commerce and personal technologies. Munindar's 1994 book multiagent Systems, was published by Springer-Verlag. He coedited Readings in Agents, which was published by Morgan Kaufman in 1988. He has coedited several other books and authored several technical articles. Munindar's research has been recognized with awards and sponsorship from the National Science Foundation, DARPA, IBM, Cisco Systems, and Ericsson.

Munindar was the editor-in-chief of IEEE Internet Computing from 1990 to 2002 and continues to serve on its editorial board. He is a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems and the Journal of Web Semantics. He serves on the steering committee for the IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

Munindar received a B.Tech. in computer science and engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, in 1986. He obtained a PhD in computer science from the University of Texas at Austin in 1993.

Michael N. Huhns is the NCR Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of South Carolina, where he also directs the Center for information Technology. Previously he was a Senior Member of the Research Division at the Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation. Prior to joining MCC in 1985, he was an Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of South Carolina, where he also directed the Center for Machine Intelligence.

Mike is a member of Sigma Xi, Tau, Beta Pi, Eta Kappa Nu, ACM, IEEE, and AAAI. He is the author of over 180 technical papers in machine intelligence and an editor of the books Distributed Artificial Intelligence, Volumes I and II, and, with Munindar, Readings in Agents. His research interest are in the areas of multiagent systems, enterprise modeling and integration, and software engineering. From 1997 to 2003, he wrote a column Agents on the Web for IEEE Internet Computing.

Mike was an associate editor for IEEE Expert and the  ACM Transactions on Information Systems. he is an associate editor for the Journal of Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems. He is on the Editorial Boards of the International Journal on Intelligent and Cooperative Information Systems, the Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, and IEEE Internet Computing. He was an advisor for the First International Conference on Multiagent Systems, 1995, and has been on the advisory boards for the International Workshops on Distributed Artificial Intelligence. He is a member of the board for the International Foundation for Multiagent Systems and the International Foundation on Cooperative Information Systems.

Mike received the BSEE degree in 1969 from the University of Michigan Ann Arbor, and the MS and PhD degrees in electrical engineering in 1971 and 1975, respectively, from the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.

Table of Contents

About the Authors	xix
Preface	xxi
Note to the Reader	xxvii
Acknowledgments	xxix
Figures	xxx
Tables	xxxv
Listings	xxxvi
I Basics	1	(84)
Computing with Services	3	(16)
Visions for the Web	3	(3)
Semantic Web	4	(1)
Peer-to-Peer Computing	4	(1)
Processes and Protocols	5	(1)
Pragmatic Web	5	(1)
Precursors	6	(1)
Open Environments	7	(4)
Autonomy	8	(1)
Heterogeneity	9	(1)
Dynamism	10	(1)
Challenges	10	(1)
Services Introduced	11	(1)
Using Services	12	(1)
The Evolving Web	13	(1)
Standards Bodies	14	(1)
Overview of this Book	15	(2)
Notes	17	(1)
Exercises	17	(2)
Basic Standards for Web Services	19	(30)
XML	21	(1)
Soap	21	(5)
Processing	23	(1)
Body and Header	23	(1)
Faults	24	(1)
Message Exchange	25	(1)
Limitations	25	(1)
WSDL	26	(4)
Concepts	29	(1)
Operation Types	29	(1)
Creating WSDL Models	30	(1)
Directory Services	30	(1)
UDDI	31	(11)
Conceptual Model	31	(1)
UDDI APIs	32	(10)
Notes	42	(1)
Exercises	42	(7)
Programming Web Services	49	(12)
Representational State Transfer	49	(1)
A Restful Example	50	(4)
SOAP and Rest	54	(1)
Developing and Using Web Services	54	(3)
Programming WSDL	55	(1)
Java for Web Services	55	(2)
.NET	57	(1)
Web Services Interoperability	57	(1)
Notes	58	(1)
Exercises	58	(3)
Enterprise Architectures	61	(10)
Enterprise Integration	61	(1)
J2EE	62	(2)
.NET	64	(2)
Model-Driven Architecture	66	(1)
Legacy Systems	67	(1)
Notes	68	(1)
Exercises	69	(2)
Principles of Service-Oriented Computing	71	(14)
Use Cases	71	(5)
Intraenterprise Interoperation	72	(1)
Interenterprise Interoperation	73	(1)
Application Configuration	74	(1)
Dynamic Selection	74	(1)
Software Fault Tolerance	75	(1)
Grid	75	(1)
Utility Computing	75	(1)
Software Development	76	(1)
Service-Oriented Architectures	76	(2)
Elements of Service-Oriented Architectures	76	(1)
RPC versus Document Orientation	77	(1)
Major Benefits of Service-Oriented Computing	78	(1)
Composing Services	79	(4)
Goals of Composition	80	(1)
Challenges for Composition	80	(3)
Spirit of the Approach	83	(1)
Exercises	83	(2)
II Description	85	(92)
Modeling and Representation	87	(32)
Modeling to Enable Interoperation	88	(1)
Integration versus Interoperation	89	(3)
Declarative versus Procedural Representations	89	(1)
Interoperation	89	(2)
Layered View	91	(1)
Interoperation Trends	92	(1)
Common Ontologies	92	(9)
Ontologies: A Definition	93	(1)
A Shared Virtual World	94	(2)
Dimensions of Abstraction	96	(1)
Value Maps	97	(4)
Knowledge Representations	101	(5)
Relationships Represented	102	(1)
Frames versus Descriptions	103	(1)
Ontology Language Features	104	(2)
Elementary Algebra: Relations	106	(1)
Hierarchies	107	(1)
Taxonomy	107	(1)
Meronomy	107	(1)
Modeling Fundamentals	108	(4)
Perspectives for Conceptualization	109	(1)
Guidelines for Conceptualization	110	(1)
Modularity and Extensibility	111	(1)
UML as an Ontology Language	112	(1)
Alternative Terminology	113	(1)
Notes	113	(1)
Exercises	113	(6)
Resource Description Framework	119	(18)
Motivation for RDF	120	(1)
RDF Basics	121	(2)
Resources	121	(1)
Literals	122	(1)
Properties	122	(1)
Statements	122	(1)
Key Primitives	123	(2)
Containers and Collections	123	(1)
Reification	124	(1)
Information Model	125	(1)
XML Syntax	125	(2)
The N-Triples Notation	127	(1)
Storing RDF	128	(1)
RDF Schema	128	(2)
Vocabularies in RDF Schema	130	(1)
Notes	131	(1)
Exercises	131	(6)
Web Ontology Language	137	(26)
Getting Started with OWL	137	(3)
OWL Dialects	140	(1)
OWL Constructors	140	(8)
Classes	140	(1)
Properties	141	(2)
Class Expressions	143	(5)
Collections	148	(1)
OWL Axioms	148	(4)
Individuals	148	(1)
Data Values	149	(1)
Classes	149	(1)
Properties	150	(1)
Elementary Algebra: Functions	151	(1)
OWL Inference	152	(2)
OWL Dialects Compared	154	(1)
An OWL Example	155	(3)
Expressiveness	158	(2)
Tree Model Definitions	158	(1)
Constraints among Individuals	159	(1)
Specialized Properties	159	(1)
Defeasible Concepts	160	(1)
Notes	160	(1)
Exercises	160	(3)
Ontology Management	163	(14)
Language-Based Representations	164	(1)
Standard Ontologies	164	(2)
Universal Business Language	164	(1)
Cyc	165	(1)
IEEE Standard Upper Ontology	166	(1)
Standardization versus Semantic Reconciliation	166	(1)
Consensus Ontologies	167	(5)
Analysis	168	(1)
Reconciling Ontologies	168	(4)
Correctness versus Relevance	172	(1)
Ontology Imports and Versioning	172	(3)
Notes	175	(1)
Exercises	175	(2)
III Engagement	177	(128)
Execution Models	179	(14)
Basic Interaction Models	180	(1)
Messaging	181	(1)
CORBA	182	(4)
Peer-to-Peer Computing	186	(2)
Going Beyond Client-Server	187	(1)
Models of P2P Computing	187	(1)
Jini	188	(1)
Grid Computing	189	(2)
Notes	191	(1)
Exercises	191	(2)
Transaction Concepts	193	(32)
Transactions	193	(14)
ACID Properties	195	(1)
Schedules	196	(4)
Locking	200	(2)
Distributed Transactions	202	(5)
Transactions over Composed Services	207	(7)
Architecture for Composed Services	207	(2)
Properties of Composed Transactions	209	(1)
Difficulty with Compositional Serializability	210	(1)
Achieving Compositional Serializability	211	(3)
Limitations of Traditional Transactions	214	(1)
Relaxing Serializability	215	(1)
Extended Transaction Models	216	(3)
Sagas	218	(1)
Flex Transactions	218	(1)
DOM Transactions	219	(1)
Notes	219	(1)
Exercises	219	(6)
Coordination Frameworks for Web Services	225	(20)
WSCL: Web Services Conversation Language	226	(5)
WSCI: Web Service Choreography Interface	231	(3)
WS-Coordination: Specifying Coordination	234	(6)
Coordination Service	234	(3)
Activation Service	237	(1)
Registration Service	238	(2)
Web Service Transaction Types	240	(2)
BTP: Business Transaction Protocol	242	(2)
Notes	244	(1)
Exercises	244	(1)
Process Specifications	245	(36)
Processes	245	(2)
Describing Dynamics with UML	247	(1)
Workflows	247	(9)
Exceptions	249	(1)
Workflow Interoperability	250	(1)
A Metamodel for Workflow	251	(1)
Interoperation	252	(3)
State of the Art	255	(1)
Challenges Facing Workflow Technology	255	(1)
Business Process Languages	256	(18)
BPEL4WS	256	(5)
BPML	261	(1)
ebXML	262	(10)
RosettaNet	272	(2)
The Process Specification Language	274	(3)
Notes	277	(1)
Exercises	278	(3)
Formal Specification and Enactment	281	(24)
Scheduling with Dependencies	282	(1)
Specifying Service Composition	283	(5)
Coordination Relationships	286	(1)
Example Scenario	287	(1)
Residuation	288	(1)
Symbolic Calculation of Residuals	289	(2)
Distributed Scheduling	291	(4)
Temporal Logic for Internal Reasoning	291	(2)
Deriving Guards from Specifications	293	(2)
Scheduling with Guards	295	(1)
Formalization	295	(5)
Evaluating Guards	296	(1)
Simplification	297	(1)
Formalizing Event Classes	298	(2)
Discussion	300	(1)
Notes	301	(1)
Exercises	301	(4)
IV Collaboration	305	(94)
Agents	307	(34)
Agents Introduced	307	(1)
Agent Environments	308	(2)
Agent Descriptions	310	(6)
Reasoning	311	(1)
Internal Architectures	312	(4)
Abstractions for Composition	316	(1)
Describing Compositions	317	(9)
Representing and Reasoning about Action	318	(1)
OWL-S	318	(8)
Composition as Planning	326	(1)
Rules	327	(9)
Applying Rules	328	(1)
Kinds of Rules	328	(4)
Jess	332	(1)
SWRL: Semantic Web Rule Language	333	(1)
Complexity and Expressiveness	334	(1)
Negation, Nonmonotonicity, Priorities	335	(1)
Notes	336	(1)
Exercises	337	(4)
Multiagent Systems	341	(20)
Applicability in Service-Based Systems	342	(1)
Multiagent Architecture	343	(1)
Agent Types	344	(3)
Life Cycle Management for Agents and Multiagent Systems	347	(2)
Consistency Maintenance	349	(5)
Truth Maintenance Concepts	350	(1)
Multiagent Truth Maintenance	351	(1)
Consistency Maintenance for a Long-Lived Service	352	(1)
Conflicts among Agents	352	(2)
Modeling Other Agents	354	(2)
Cognitive Concepts	356	(1)
Applying the Cognitive Concepts	357	(1)
Notes	357	(1)
Exercises	358	(3)
Organizations	361	(20)
Contracts	362	(5)
Legal Concepts	362	(1)
Deontic Logic	363	(1)
Commitments	364	(3)
Spheres of Commitment	367	(3)
Teams of Services	368	(1)
Virtual Enterprises as Teams	368	(2)
Achieving Collaboration via Conventions	370	(1)
Policies	371	(1)
Negotiation	372	(7)
Negotiation Protocols	372	(2)
Negotiation Fundamentals	374	(3)
Requirements for a Negotiation Language	377	(2)
Exercises	379	(2)
Communication	381	(18)
Agent Communication Languages	381	(4)
Speech Act Theory	382	(1)
Semantics	383	(1)
Interaction Patterns	384	(1)
Combining ACLs with Web Services	384	(1)
Contract Net Protocol	385	(3)
Business Protocols	388	(6)
Compiling Business Protocols	390	(1)
Compliance with Business Protocols	391	(3)
Notes	394	(1)
Exercises	395	(4)
V Selection	399	(32)
Semantic Service Selection	401	(8)
Semantic Matchmaking	401	(3)
Applying Ontologies	402	(2)
Requirements for an Advertising and Matchmaking Language	404	(1)
Selecting Services	404	(1)
SoCom Matchmaking	404	(2)
Exercises	406	(3)
Social Service Selection	409	(12)
Reputation Mechanisms	410	(1)
Recommender Techniques	411	(2)
Model-Based Approaches	411	(1)
Memory-Based Approaches	411	(1)
Challenges for Recommender Approaches	412	(1)
Products versus Service Recommendations	412	(1)
Referrals	413	(2)
Adaptive Treatment of Referrals	413	(1)
Advantages of Referrals	414	(1)
Evaluation	415	(1)
Social Mechanism for Trust	415	(3)
Empirical Basis	415	(1)
Local Belief Ratings	416	(1)
Combining Evidence	417	(1)
Gathering Opinions	418	(1)
Identity	418	(1)
Exercises	418	(3)
Economic Service Selection	421	(10)
Market Environments	422	(2)
Auctions for Services	424	(4)
Auction Types	424	(1)
Online Auctions	424	(2)
Agent Economies	426	(2)
Exercises	428	(3)
VI Engineering	431	(54)
Building SOC Applications	433	(30)
Elements of SOC Design	433	(2)
Quality of Service	435	(1)
How to Create an Ontology	436	(5)
Ontology Construction	437	(2)
Ontology Guidelines and Conventions	439	(2)
How to Create a Process Model	441	(1)
How to Design Agent-Based Systems	441	(4)
Engineering Cooperation	442	(1)
Diversity versus Complexity	443	(2)
How to Construct Agent-Based Systems	445	(1)
How to Engineer Composed Services	445	(2)
Exception Handling	447	(3)
Knowledge Management Applications	450	(2)
Agent-Based Knowledge Network	451	(1)
Intranet Portals	452	(1)
Communities of Practice	452	(1)
eBusiness Applications	452	(5)
Business Models for eBusiness Applications	454	(1)
eMarketplace Architectural Requirements	455	(2)
Application to Supply-Chain Automation	457	(1)
Exercises	457	(6)
Service Management	463	(12)
Enterprise Resource Planning	463	(2)
WSMF: Web Services Management Framework	465	(1)
WSDM: Web Services Distributed Management	465	(2)
Contingency Plans for Service Failures	466	(1)
Security and Authentication	467	(1)
Features and Benefits of WSDM Centralization	467	(1)
Metadata Protocols	467	(1)
Scalability	467	(3)
Scalability in Practice	468	(1)
Scaling Infrastructure Services for Agents	469	(1)
Scalability Experiments	469	(1)
Long-Lived Adaptable Agents	470	(1)
Robust Services via Agent-Based Redundancy	470	(3)
Architecture and Process	471	(1)
Experimental Results	472	(1)
Exercises	473	(2)
Security	475	(10)
Securing Web Services	475	(2)
Nonrepudiation	476	(1)
Endorsement	477	(1)
Certificates	477	(1)
SAML and WS-Security	477	(2)
WS-Trust	479	(1)
XACML	479	(2)
Reasoning about Security Policies	481	(1)
Privacy	481	(1)
Exercises	482	(3)
VII Directions	485	(12)
Challenges and Extensions	487	(10)
Trust	487	(1)
Ethics	488	(3)
Machine Ethics	490	(1)
Applying Ethics	491	(1)
Ethical Violations	491	(1)
Coherence	491	(1)
Benevolence	492	(1)
Network Architecture	493	(1)
Managing Privacy	494	(1)
Key Challenges and Recommendations	495	(2)
VIII Appendices	497	(22)
XML and XML Schema	499	(16)
Why XML?	499	(2)
XML	501	(1)
XML and Vocabularies	502	(1)
Transforming XML	503	(1)
Well-Formedness	504	(1)
Namespaces and Qualified Names	505	(1)
Using Entities	506	(1)
XML Extensions	507	(1)
XML Schema	507	(3)
Limitations	510	(1)
Notes	510	(1)
Exercises	511	(4)
URI, URN, URL, and UUID	515	(2)
XML Namespace Abbreviations	517	(2)
Glossary	519	(4)
Bibliography	523	(10)
Index	533