The Shi'Ite Movement in Iraq

by Faleh A. Jabar

• ISBN13: 9780863563959
• ISBN10: 0863563953
• Format: Trade Paper
• Copyright: 2004-03-04
• Publisher: Al Saqi

Summary

Timely and exhaustively researched, this book offers a perspective on Shi'ite political activism in Iraq before and after the fall of Saddam Hussein.

Author Biography

Faleh A. Jabar is Visiting Fellow at the School of Politics and Sociology at London University's Birkbeck College.

Table of Contents

Tables and Maps	8	(1)
Note on Transliteration and Dates	9	(1)
Abbreviations	10	(3)
Foreword by Sami Zubaida	13	(2)
Introduction: The US, War and Iraqi Shi'ism	15	(14)
The US Perspective	16	(2)
The Shi'ite Perspective in Exile	18	(4)
The Shi'ite Perspective in Iraq	22	(7)
PART ONE: State, Nation and Islamism	29	(44)
1. Overview	31	(10)
The Literature	32	(1)
Theoretical Approaches	33	(4)
Major Primary Sources	37	(4)
2. Islamism, Fundamentalism, Communalism and the Nation-State	41	(34)
The Complexity of the Iraqi Case	41	(1)
The Changing Phases of Islamic Response	42	(10)
State, Society and Community	52	(21)
PART TWO: Genesis and Mutation	73	(70)
Introduction	75	(68)
3. The Dawa Founding Group: Defining the Self (1960-64)	78	(17)
The Legitimizing Process	78	(17)
4. Social Origins and Actors	95	(15)
Beginnings	95	(4)
Conflicting Meanings	99	(4)
Leadership coo
The Nature of the Initiators	103	(1)
The New Generation	104	(1)
Social Differentiation	105	(5)
5. The Formation of the Jama'at al-'Ulama in Najaf, 1960	110	(18)
Senior 'Ulama	110	(3)
Welfare and Education	113	(1)
Adhwa' and the Ideological Battle	114	(5)
Schisms and al-Sadr's Retreat	119	(3)
Jama'at al-'Ulama and the Islamic Party: Sociopolitical Issues	122	(6)
6. The Dawa Party, 1963-68: From Universalism to Particularism	128	(17)
The February 1963 Coups	128	(3)
Under 'Arif	131	(3)
Al-Shibibi's Memorandum	134	(3)
The Growth of the Dawa	137	(6)
PART THREE: Shi'ite Cultural Spaces: Marja'ism and Popular Rituals	143	(56)
Introduction	145	(40)
7. Sacred Money	146	(6)
The Collector of Zakat	147	(1)
Defining and Redefining the Khums	148	(2)
Rising and Diminishing Returns	150	(2)
8. The Transmission of Knowledge: The Traditional Madrasa and its Decline	152	(7)
Clash of Institutions	152	(2)
Shi'ite Madrasa: The Drive to Autonomy	154	(1)
Change and Transformation: The Phase of Decline	154	(3)
The Madrasa: Social Group and Social Organization	157	(2)
9. The Rise and Centralization of Marja'ism	159	(26)
Knowledge and Power: Major Concepts	160	(5)
The Social, Cultural and Juristic-Theological Divide: Usuli versus Akhbari	165	(4)
Tendencies Towards the Centralization of Marja'ism	169	(2)
The Disorder of the Marja' System	171	(8)
Attempts at the Institutionalization of Marja'ism: Musa al-Sadr, Bagir al-Sadr, Taligani and Khomeini	179	(6)
10. 'Ashura and the Arba'in: Popular Culture and the Politicizing of Redemptive Suffering	185	(14)
The Example of Twaireej	186	(1)
Local Solidarities, Social Actors	186	(3)
Structure of the Muharram Ritual	189	(6)
Cultural Cleavage: the Daghara Example	195	(2)
The Arba'in Pilgrimage: Pan-Shi'ite Identity	197	(2)
PART FOUR: Shi'ite Islamism and the Ba'th	199	(76)
11. From Peaceful Protest to Bloody Confrontation	201	(15)
The First Phase: 1968-78	201	(1)
Ayatollah al-Hakim versus the Ba'th	202	(4)
The Execution of Dawa Leaders	206	(2)
The Marad al-Ras Upheaval, February 1977: Ritual as an Instrument of Mass Politics	208	(8)
12. The Particularist-Political Model: The Origins and Structure of the MAI	216	(9)
13. Radicalization: 1979-82	225	(10)
The Iranian Factor	225	(2)
Growing Militancy	227	(4)
Crackdown	231	(4)
14. The Formation and Development of SAIRI: Coercive Unification, War and Schisms, 1982-90	235	(29)
The Formation of SAIRI	235	(4)
SAIRI's Structure	239	(10)
Strategy and Tactics	249	(4)
The Badr Army	253	(1)
Repercussions	254	(1)
Fracture Lines	255	(9)
15. Wartime, the Diaspora and the 1991 Uprisings	264	(11)
Iran's Failure	264	(1)
War and Nationalism	265	(2)
The Invasion of Kuwait	267	(2)
The Uprisings	269	(2)
Iraq Under Sanctions: Tribes and Religion	271	(4)
PART FIVE: Ideology: Sociopolitical and Economic Doctrines	275	(40)
16. Political Theory	277	(17)
Reformation: Two Trends	277	(3)
Al-Sadr: Liberal Hierocracy	280	(8)
Muhammad Bahr al-'Ulum: Liberal Islamism	288	(6)
17. Socioeconomic Doctrines	294	(21)
New Challenges	294	(2)
Al-Sadr : Non-capitalist, Rightful Islamic Distributionism	296	(11)
Al-Mudarisi: Cooperative Islam	307	(3)
Shirazi: Ethical Laissez-Faire Islam, Halal and Haram	310	(5)
Conclusion	315	(5)
Notes	320	(34)
Bibliography	354	(23)
Index	377