Shinto and the State, 1868-1988

by Helen Hardacre

• ISBN13: 9780691073484
• ISBN10: 0691073481
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2020-11-10
• Publisher: Princeton University Press

Table of Contents

List of Tables	p. xi
Foreword	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xv
Introduction	p. 3
Studies of State Shinto	p. 5
Issues, Themes, and Goals	p. 7
Shinto in the Tokugawa Era (1600-1868)	p. 9
The Relation between Buddhism and Shinto	p. 14
Ise Pilgrimage	p. 15
The Influence of National Learning	p. 16
Summary	p. 18
The Modern History of Relations Between Shinto and the State	p. 21
Chronological Overview	p. 21
The Meiji Restoration and the Beginning of State Shinto	p. 27
The Separation of Buddhism from Shinto	p. 27
Building Institutions	p. 28
Disunity in the Department of Divinity	p. 29
Reform of Imperial Ritual	p. 31
The Creation of National Rites and Ceremonies	p. 32
The Slump of Middle Meiji (1880-1905)	p. 33
Is Shinto a Religion?	p. 34
The Movement to Reestablish the Department of Divinity	p. 36
Shrine Building after the Russo-Japanese War	p. 37
Freedom of Religion	p. 39
Postwar Shinto	p. 40
The Great Promulgation Campaign	p. 42
The Campaign	p. 42
The Pantheon Dispute	p. 48
The New Religions in the Great Promulgation Campaign	p. 51
Conclusion	p. 58
The Shinto Priesthood	p. 60
The Internal Diversity of the Shinto Priesthood	p. 60
The Evolution of a Concept of Religion	p. 63
Shrine Administrators	p. 65
The Idea of a National Teaching	p. 66
Shrine Administrators' Diversity and Influence	p. 68
National Teaching in Practice	p. 70
Questions of Doctrine and Rites	p. 72
The Provincial Priesthood	p. 73
Concluding Remarks	p. 76
Shrines and the Rites of Empire Part I: Shinto Shrines	p. 79
The Separation of Buddhism from Shinto	p. 81
Shrine Registration	p. 83
Shrine Rankings	p. 84
Distribution of Ise Talismans and Almanacs	p. 86
The Ise Shrines and Their Outposts	p. 87
The State-Sponsored Cult of the War Dead and Loyalists	p. 90
Provincial Centers of the Cult of the War Dead	p. 92
The Meiji Shrine	p. 93
Shrines in the Colonies	p. 95
State Shrine Support	p. 96
Shrine Mergers	p. 98
Shrines and the Rites of Empire Part II: Shrine Rites	p. 100
Shrine Rites: Types and Standardization	p. 100
The Liturgical Structure of Shrine Rites	p. 102
Large-Scale State Rites	p. 104
Civic Rites in Provincial Society	p. 106
Shrine Observances Involving Schoolchildren	p. 108
Customary Observances and Shinto	p. 110
Conclusion	p. 112
Religious Freedom Under State Shinto	p. 114
The Meiji Constitution	p. 115
The Imperial Rescript on Education	p. 121
The Religious Organizations Law	p. 124
The Suppression of New Religious Movements	p. 126
Shinto's Role in Restricting Religious Freedom	p. 128
Conclusion	p. 131
Shinto and the State Since 1945	p. 133
Shinto and the Occupation	p. 134
The Shinto Directive	p. 136
Religious Freedom and the Separation of Church and State	p. 137
The Religious Juridical Persons Law	p. 139
The Implementation of the Occupation's Policy on Religion	p. 140
Shinto since World War II	p. 142
Postwar Challenges to Religious Freedom and to Separation of State and Religion	p. 143
The Attempt to Reestablish State Support for the Yasukuni Shrine	p. 145
The Tsu Grounds Purification Case	p. 149
Cabinet Tribute at the Yasukuni Shrine	p. 150
The Self-Defense Force Apotheosis Case	p. 153
Conclusion	p. 157
Epilogue	p. 160
Appendixes	p. 165
Government Expenditures for Shrines in Comparative Perspective	p. 165
The Shinto Directive	p. 167
Notes	p. 171
Selected Sources	p. 191
Index	p. 199
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