Divider Directory

QA Box List

Preface

xxv

How to Use Your Quick Access

What's in This Book

xxxi

Using dividers to get information

xxxi

Using lists to get information

xxxii

Using codes to find information

xxxiii

Using special features to help you understand

xxxiv

Understanding editing and proofreading marks

xxxiv

Hands-On Practice Using Your Quick Access

xxxvi

Learning where to look for what you need to know

xxxvi

Solving problems

xxxvii

Learning to use documentation models

xxxvii

Answers

xxxviii

Writing Process

Getting Started

(7)

Making preliminary decisions

(1)

Understanding the writing process

(1)

Choosing a writing topic

(1)

Narrowing a topic

(1)

Uncovering ideas for writing

(1)

Keeping a Journal

(1)

Freewriting

(1)

Brainstorming

(1)

Asking and Answering Questions

(1)

Clustering

(1)

Planning a thesis statement

(1)

Outlining

(2)

Drafting

(2)

Writing a first draft

(1)

Overcoming writer's block

(1)

Drafting on a computer

(1)

Writing answers for essay exams

(1)

Revising, Editing, and Proofreading

(5)

Knowing how to revise

(1)

Using the organizing power of your thesis statement and essay title

(1)

Revising on a computer

(1)

Using revision checklists

(1)

Knowing how to edit

(1)

Using an editing checklist

(1)

Knowing how to proofread

(1)

Using a computer to edit and proofread

(1)

Rhetorical Strategies for Paragraphs

(11)

Writing introductory paragraphs

(1)

Writing effective body paragraphs

(1)

Writing and using topic sentences

(1)

Starting with a Topic Sentence

(1)

Ending with a Topic Sentence

(1)

Implying a Topic Sentence

(1)

Using details to develop body paragraphs

(1)

Crafting coherent paragraphs

(1)

Using Transitional Expressions

(1)

Using Deliberate Repetition and Parallelism

(1)

Using patterns for body paragraphs

(1)

Narration (Telling a Story)

(1)

Description (Picturing in Words)

(1)

Process (Giving Instructions or Advice)

(1)

Example (Giving Illustrations)

(1)

Definition (Giving the Meaning)

(1)

Comparison and Contrast (Explaining Likenesses and Differences

(1)

Analysis and Classification (Dividing into Parts and Grouping)

(1)

Analogy (Finding Unusual Similarities)

(1)

Cause-and-Effect Analysis (Discovering Reasons and Results)

(1)

Writing concluding paragraphs

(1)

Essay Arrangements

(5)

Typical arrangements in essays with an informative purpose

(1)

Typical arrangements in essays with a persuasive purpose

(1)

A sample student essay

(4)

Thinking and Reading Critically

Reading Critically

(5)

Understanding the reading process

(1)

Engaging in the reading process

(1)

Reading for Literal Meaning

(1)

Reading to Make Inferences

(1)

Reading to Evaluate

(1)

Engaging in critical reading

(1)

Reading Systematically

(1)

Reading Actively and Closely

(1)

Thinking Critically

(8)

Understanding critical thinking

(1)

Engaging in critical thinking

(1)

Assessing evidence critically

(1)

Evaluating Evidence

(1)

Assessing cause and effect critically

(1)

Assessing reasoning processes critically

(1)

Recognizing and avoiding logical fallacies

(3)

Distinguishing Between Summary and Synthesis

(3)

Understanding summary

(1)

Understanding synthesis

(1)

Synthesizing

(2)

Grammar Basics

Parts of Speech

(6)

Recognizing nouns

(1)

Recognizing pronouns

(1)

Recognizing verbs

(1)

Recognizing verbals

(1)

Recognizing adjectives

(1)

Recognizing adverbs

(1)

Recognizing prepositions

(1)

Recognizing conjunctions

(2)

Recognizing interjections

(1)

Sentence Structures

(7)

Recognizing subjects and predicates

(1)

Recognizing direct and indirect objects

(1)

Recognizing complements, modifiers, and appositives

(1)

Recognizing Complements

(1)

Recognizing Modifiers

(1)

Recognizing Appositives

(1)

Recognizing phrases

(1)

Recognizing clauses

(1)

Recognizing Independent Clauses

(1)

Recognizing Dependent Clauses

(2)

Recognizing sentence types

(1)

Verbs

(10)

Recognizing forms of main verbs

(1)

Using the -s Form

(1)

Using Regular and Irregular Verbs

(2)

Using auxiliary verbs

(1)

Using lie and lay

(1)

Understanding verb tense

(1)

Using the Simple Present Tense

(1)

Using Accurate Tense Sequences

(1)

Understanding the indicative, imperative, and subjunctive moods

(1)

Using the Subjunctive with if, as if, as though, and unless Clauses

(1)

Using the Subjunctive in that Clauses

(1)

Using active and passive voices

(1)

Subject-Verb Agreement

(5)

Ignoring words between a subject and verb

(1)

Using one of the

(1)

Using the correct verb for subjects connected by and

(1)

Using each and every

(1)

Making a verb agree with the nearest subject

(1)

Making verbs agree with pronoun subjects

(1)

Using Singular Verbs with Most Indefinite Pronouns

(1)

Making Verbs Agree with the Antecedents of who, which, and that

(1)

Using one of the...who

(1)

Making verbs agree with subjects in inverted sentences, in expletive constructions, and in sentences containing subject complements

(1)

Finding the Subject in Inverted Word Order

(1)

Finding the Subject in an Expletive Construction

(1)

Agreeing with the Subject, Not the Subject Complement

(1)

Making verbs agree with collective nouns, with nouns that specify amounts, with singular subjects in plural form, and with titles and terms

(1)

Making Verbs Agree with Collective Nouns

(1)

Making Verbs Agree with Subjects That Specify Amounts

(1)

Making Verbs Agree with Singular Subjects in Plural Form

(1)

Using Singular Verbs with Titles and Terms

(1)

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

(3)

Using plural pronouns for antecedents joined by and

(1)

Agreeing with the nearest antecedent

(1)

Agreeing with indefinite-pronoun antecedents

(1)

Agreeing with collective-noun antecedents

(1)

Pronoun Reference

(2)

Avoiding unclear pronoun reference

(1)

Avoiding adjectives as antecedents

(1)

Using it, that, this, and which precisely

(1)

Using you for direct address only

(1)

Using who, which, and that

(1)

Pronoun Case

(4)

Using accurate pronoun case in compound subjects and objects

(1)

Matching the case of pronouns and nouns in appositives

(1)

Using the subjective case after linking verbs

(1)

Using who, whoever, whom, and whomever

(1)

Using accurate case after than and as

(1)

Using pronouns with infinitives and gerunds

(1)

Using -self pronouns

(1)

Adjectives and Adverbs

(5)

Using adverbs---not adjectives---to modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs

(1)

Avoiding double negatives

(1)

Using adjectives---not adverbs---as complements after linking verbs

(1)

Using bad and badly

(1)

Using good and well

(1)

Using correct comparative and superlative forms

(1)

Using Correct Regular Forms

(1)

Using Correct Irregular Forms

(1)

Avoiding too many nouns as modifiers

(2)

Correct Sentences

Sentence Fragments

(3)

Checking for sentence completeness

(1)

Revising dependent clauses punctuated as sentences

(1)

Revising phrases punctuated as sentences

(2)

Being aware of intentional fragments

(1)

Comma Splices and Fused Sentences

(3)

Recognizing causes of comma splices and fused sentences

(1)

Correcting comma splices and fused sentences

(1)

Using Punctuation

(1)

Using a Coordinating Conjunction

(1)

Revising an Independent Clause into a Dependent Clause

(1)

Taking Special Care with Conjunctive Adverbs and Other Transitional Expressions

(1)

Sentence Shifts and Disjointed Sentences

(6)

Staying consistent in number and person

(1)

Staying consistent in subject, voice, and mood

(1)

Staying consistent in verb tense

(1)

Staying consistent in indirect and direct discourse

(1)

Revising mixed sentences

(1)

Avoiding Scrambled Sentences

(1)

Avoiding Faulty Prediction

(1)

Avoiding is where, is when, and reason...is because

(1)

Using care with elliptical constructions and comparisons

100

(1)

Completing as much as and Similar Phrases

101

(1)

Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers

101

(4)

Avoiding ambiguous placements

101

(1)

Taking Care with only

101

(1)

Avoiding Squinting Modifiers

102

(1)

Avoiding wrong placements

102

(1)

Avoiding split infinitives and other awkward placements

102

(1)

Avoiding dangling modifiers

103

(2)

Effective Sentences and Words

Conciseness

105

(4)

Eliminating unneeded words

105

(1)

Avoiding redundancies

106

(1)

Eliminating wordy sentence structures

107

(1)

Revising unneccesary expletive constructions

107

(1)

Revising from passive to active constructions

107

(1)

Reducing sentences

107

(1)

Combining Sentences

108

(1)

Reducing Clauses

108

(1)

Reducing Phrases

108

(1)

Using strong verbs and avoiding nouns formed from verbs

108

(1)

Coordination and Subordination

109

(3)

Using coordination to show relationships of equivalent ideas

109

(1)

Avoiding coordination problems

109

(1)

Using subordination to show relationships of nonequivalent ideas

110

(1)

Avoiding subordination problems

111

(1)

Sentence Style

112

(4)

Using parallelism for balance and rhythm

112

(1)

Using Parallel Words, Phrases, and Clauses

112

(1)

Using Parallel Structures with Conjunctions

113

(1)

Using Parallel Structures and Repetition

114

(1)

Using a variety of sentence lengths

114

(1)

Revising Strings of Short Sentences

114

(1)

Revising Overcompounded Sentences

114

(1)

Revising for a Mix of Sentence Lengths

115

(1)

Choosing sentence subjects for emphasis

115

(1)

Adding modifiers to basic sentences for variety and emphasis

116

(1)

Inverting standard word order for variety and emphasis

116

(1)

Word Meanings and Word Impact

116

(7)

Learning about words and their meanings

116

(1)

Choosing exact words

117

(1)

Understanding Denotation and Connotation

117

(1)

Using Specific and Concrete Language

118

(1)

Increasing your vocabulary

118

(1)

Understanding Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes

119

(1)

Using appropriate language

119

(1)

Understanding Levels of Formality

119

(1)

Using Edited American English

120

(1)

Understanding When to Avoid Slang and Colloquial or Regional Language

120

(1)

Using figurative language

121

(1)

Avoiding Mixed Metaphors

121

(1)

Avoiding cliches

121

(1)

Using precise language

121

(1)

Avoiding Slanted Language

122

(1)

Avoiding Pretentious Language

122

(1)

Avoiding Unnecessary Jargon

122

(1)

Avoiding Euphemisms

122

(1)

Gender-Neutral Language

123

(2)

Understanding gender in the English language

123

(1)

Using gender-neutral language

123

(2)

Punctuation

End Punctuation

125

(1)

Using a period after statements, mild commands, and indirect questions

125

(1)

Using a question mark after a direct question

125

(1)

Using an exclamation point for a strong command or an emphatic declaration

125

(1)

Comma Use

126

(9)

Using commas before coordinating conjunctions linking independent clauses

128

(1)

Using commas to set off introductory clauses, phrases, and words

129

(1)

Using commas with items in series

129

(1)

Using commas between coordinate adjectives

130

(1)

Using commas to set off nonrestrictive (nonessential) elements

131

(1)

Using commas to set off transitional and parenthetical words, contrasts, words of direct address, and tag questions

132

(1)

Using commas with quoted words

133

(1)

Using commas in dates, names, addresses, and numbers

133

(1)

Commas with Dates

133

(1)

Commas with Names, Places, and Addresses

134

(1)

Commas in Letter Openings and Closings

134

(1)

Commas with Numbers

134

(1)

Using commas to avoid misreadings

135

(1)

Comma Misuse

135

(3)

Not misusing commas with coordinating conjunctions

135

(1)

Not using commas after subordinating conjunctions and prepositions

136

(1)

Not misusing commas with items in series

136

(1)

Not using commas between cumulative adjectives

136

(1)

Not using commas around restrictive (essential) elements

136

(1)

Not misusing commas with quoted words

137

(1)

Not using commas between certain sentence structures and words

137

(1)

Semicolon Use

138

(2)

Using a semicolon between closely related independent clauses

138

(1)

Using a semicolon when a conjunctive adverb or other transitional expression links independent clauses

139

(1)

Using semicolons for clarity between comma-containing structures

139

(1)

Not misusing semicolons

139

(1)

Colon Use

140

(2)

Using a colon when an independent clause introduces a list, an appositive, or a quotation

140

(1)

Using a colon between independent clauses when the second clause explains or summarizes the first

140

(1)

Understanding conventional uses of colons

141

(1)

Not misusing colons

141

(1)

Apostrophe Use

142

(2)

Using an apostrophe to show that a noun is possessive

142

(1)

Adding -'s to Nouns Not Ending in -s

142

(1)

Adding-'s to Singular Nouns Ending in -s

142

(1)

Adding Only an Apostrophe to Plural Nouns Ending in -s

142

(1)

Adding -'s to the Last Word in Compound Words and Phrases

142

(1)

Adding -'s to Each Noun in Individual Possession

142

(1)

Adding -'s to Only the Last Noun in Joint or Group Possession

142

(1)

Using -'s to show that an indefinite pronoun is possessive

143

(1)

Using an apostrophe to signal omissions in contractions

143

(1)

Using -'s to show plurals of letters, numerals, symbols, and words used as terms

143

(1)

Not misusing apostrophes

143

(1)

Quotation Marks

144

(4)

Using quotation marks accurately with direct quotations of prose, poetry, and speech

144

(1)

Using Quotation Marks for Short Quotations of Prose or Poetry

144

(1)

Setting Long Quotations of Prose or Poetry Off from Your Words

145

(1)

Using Quotation Marks for Spoken Words (Direct Discourse)

145

(1)

Knowing when to use single quotation marks

146

(1)

Using quotation marks for some titles

146

(1)

Using quotation marks accurately for special treatment of words, letters, and numerals

146

(1)

Not misusing quotation marks

147

(1)

Using other punctuation accurately with quotation marks

148

(1)

Placing Commas and Periods Inside Closing Quotation Marks

148

(1)

Placing Colons and Semicolons Outside Closing Quotation Marks

148

(1)

Positioning Question Marks, Exclamation Points, and Dashes

148

(1)

Other Punctuation Marks

148

(7)

Knowing when to use the dash

148

(1)

Adding Information with Dashes

149

(1)

Knowing when to use parentheses

149

(1)

Adding Information in Parentheses

150

(1)

Using Other Punctuation with Parentheses

150

(1)

Knowing when to use brackets

151

(1)

Knowing when to use the ellipsis

151

(2)

Knowing when to use the slash

153

(2)

Spelling and Mechanics

Spelling

155

(7)

Knowing rules for spelling plurals, adding suffixes, and spelling ie, ei words

155

(1)

Spelling Plurals

155

(1)

Spelling Suffixes

156

(1)

Using the ie, ei Rule

156

(1)

Spelling homonyms and other commonly confused words

157

(5)

Hyphens

162

(2)

Knowing how to hyphenate at the end of a line

162

(1)

Knowing when to hyphenate prefixes, suffixes, compound words, and numbers

162

(2)

Capitals

164

(4)

Capitalizing at the start of a sentence and other sentencelike structures

164

(1)

After a Colon

165

(1)

A Series of Questions

165

(1)

Listed Items

165

(1)

Inside Parentheses

165

(1)

Knowing when to capitalize the first letter of a quotation

166

(1)

Capitalizing proper nouns and proper adjectives

166

(1)

Knowing when to capitalize names and terms

167

(1)

Italics or Underlining

168

(2)

Knowing when to use italics (or underlining)

169

(1)

Using italics (or underlining) for emphasis

170

(1)

Abbreviations

170

(3)

Knowing when and how to use abbreviations

170

(1)

Abbreviating Specific Times, Measurements, and Amounts

170

(1)

Abbreviating Titles

171

(1)

Abbreviating Names and Terms

172

(1)

Abbreviating Addresses

172

(1)

Knowing when to use etc. and other Latin abbreviations

173

(1)

Numbers

173

(2)

Knowing when to use spelled-out numbers

173

(1)

Knowing when to use numerals

174

(1)

Research Writing

Starting a Research Project

175

(2)

Scheduling for research writing

175

(1)

Keeping a research log

176

(1)

Choosing a topic for research

176

(1)

Finding and Evaluating Sources

177

(5)

Using a search strategy

177

(1)

Undertaking Field Research

178

(1)

Researching in the Library

178

(1)

Evaluating sources

179

(1)

Determining your documentation style

180

(1)

Creating a working bibliography

180

(1)

Taking useful notes

180

(2)

Using Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism

182

(9)

Avoiding plagiarism

182

(1)

Integrating sources into your writing

183

(1)

Analysis and Synthesis

183

(1)

Using quotations effectively

183

(1)

Making Quotations Mesh with Your Sentences

184

(1)

Integrating Author Names and Source Titles

185

(1)

Paraphrasing accurately

186

(1)

Summarizing accurately

186

(4)

Using verbs to mesh source material with your sentences

190

(1)

Drafting and Revising a Research Paper

191

(2)

MLA Documentation

MLA In-Text Citations

193

(6)

Citing sources in the body of a paper in MLA style

193

(1)

Citing specific sources in MLA style

193

(1)

One Author---MLA

194

(1)

Two or Three Authors---MLA

194

(1)

More than Three Authors---MLA

194

(1)

More than One Source by an Author---MLA

195

(1)

Two or More Authors with the Same Last Name---MLA

195

(1)

Group or Corporate Author---MLA

195

(1)

Work Cited by Title---MLA

195

(1)

Multivolume Work---MLA

196

(1)

Novel, Play, Poem---MLA

196

(1)

Work in an Anthology or Other Collection---MLA

196

(1)

Indirect Source---MLA

197

(1)

Two or More Sources in One Reference---MLA

197

(1)

An Entire Work---MLA

197

(1)

An Electronic Source with a Name or Title and Page Numbers---MLA

198

(1)

An Electronic Source with Paragraph Numbers---MLA

198

(1)

An Electronic Source Without Page or Paragraph Numbers---MLA

198

(1)

Using content or bibliographic notes in MLA style

198

(1)

MLA Documentation for a Works Cited List

199

(16)

Understanding details about a Works Cited list

200

(2)

Using sample Works Cited models in MLA style

202

(1)

Directory of 52 Types of Print, Nonprint, and Electronic Sample Works Cited Models in MLA Style

203

(12)

A Student's MLA Research Paper

215

(10)

Preparing your research paper using MLA format guidelines

215

(1)

General Instructions---MLA

215

(1)

Order of Parts---MLA

216

(1)

Name-and-Page-Number Line for All Pages---MLA

216

(1)

First Page---MLA

216

(1)

Set-Off Quotations---MLA

217

(1)

Notes---MLA

217

(1)

Works Cited List---MLA

217

(1)

Reading a sample research paper that uses MLA documentation

218

(7)

APA, CM, CBE Documentation

APA In-Text Citations

225

(7)

Understanding details about APA style

225

(1)

Formating Quotations

226

(1)

Citing specific kinds of sources in APA style

226

(1)

One Author---APA

227

(1)

Two or More Authors---APA

227

(1)

Author(s) with Two or More Works in the Same Year---APA

227

(1)

Two or More Authors with the Same Last Name---APA

228

(1)

Group or Corporate Author---APA

228

(1)

Works Cited by Title---APA

228

(1)

Reference to More Than One Source---APA

228

(1)

Citing Graphics and Table Data---APA

228

(1)

Writing an abstract for an APA-style paper

229

(1)

Using content notes in an APA-style paper

229

(1)

Preparing your research paper using APA format guidelines

230

(1)

General Instructions---APA

230

(1)

Order of Parts---APA

230

(1)

Title-and-Page-Number Line for All Pages---APA

230

(1)

Title Page---APA

230

(1)

Abstract---APA

231

(1)

Set-Off Quotations---APA

231

(1)

References List---APA

231

(1)

Notes---APA

232

(1)

APA Documentation for a References List

232

(11)

Understanding details about the References list

232

(2)

Using sample References models in APA style

234

(1)

Directory of 44 Types of Print, Nonprint, and Electronic Sample References Models in APA Style

234

(9)

CM-Style Documentation

243

(12)

Understanding details about CM documentation with bibliographic notes

243

(2)

Using sample note forms in CM style

245

(1)

Directory of 39 Types of Print, Nonprint, and Electronic Sample Bibliographic Note Models in CM Style

246

(8)

Using and Citing Graphics---CM

254

(1)

CBE-Style Documentation

255

(8)

Understanding details about CBE documentation

255

(2)

Using sample References forms in CBE style

257

(1)

Directory of 24 Types of Print, Nonprint, and Electronic Sample References, Models in CBE Style

257

(6)

Focus on ESL

Singulars and Plurals

263

(3)

Understanding count and noncount nouns

263

(1)

Knowing which determiners to use with singular and plural nouns

264

(1)

Using correct forms for nouns used as adjectives

265

(1)

Articles

266

(3)

Understanding how to use a, an, or the with singular count nouns

266

(1)

Understanding how to use articles with plural count nouns and with noncount nouns

266

(2)

Plural Count Nouns

268

(1)

Noncount Nouns

268

(1)

Generalizations with Plural or Noncount Nouns

268

(1)

Understanding how to use the with proper nouns

268

(1)

Word Order

269

(2)

Understanding standard and inverted word order in sentences

269

(1)

Understanding the placement of adjectives

269

(1)

Understanding the placement of adverbs

270

(1)

Prepositions

271

(2)

Understanding the use of in, at, and on to show time and place

271

(1)

Understanding the use of prepositions in phrasal verbs

272

(1)

Using prepositions in common expressions

272

(1)

Gerunds and Infinitives

273

(4)

Recognizing verbs that use a gerund, not an infinitive, object

273

(1)

Using a Gerund After go

273

(1)

Using Gerunds After be + Complement + Preposition

274

(1)

Recognizing verbs that use an infinitive, not a gerund, object

274

(1)

Using Infinitives After be + Complement

275

(1)

Using Unmarked Infinitive Objects

275

(1)

Understanding how meaning changes depending on whether gerund or infinitive objects follow stop, remember, and forget

275

(1)

Understanding that certain sense verbs use gerund and infinitive objects without changing meaning

276

(1)

Choosing between -ing and -ed forms for adjectives

276

(1)

Modal Auxiliary Verbs

277

(4)

Using modal auxiliary verbs to convey ability, necessity, advisability, and probability

278

(1)

Conveying Ability

278

(1)

Conveying Necessity

278

(1)

Conveying Advisability or the Notion of a Good Idea

278

(1)

Conveying Probability

278

(1)

Using modal auxiliary verbs to convey preference, plan, and past habit

279

(1)

Conveying Preferences

279

(1)

Conveying Plan or Obligation

279

(1)

Conveying Past Habit

279

(2)

Usage Glossary

281

(18)

Terms Glossary

299

(24)

Index

323

(31)

Online Research Basics

354

(1)

Finding Online Sources

354

(2)

Evaluating Online Sources

356

(1)

Documenting Online Sources

357

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Simon & Schuster Quick Access Reference for Writers/Mla 98 Update/Combined Edition

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Table of Contents

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