Simulation with Arena (With CD-ROM)

by Kelton, W. David

• ISBN13: 9780072507393
• ISBN10: 007250739X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-01-01
• Publisher: MCGRAW HILL BOOK COMPANY

Summary

This book was the first text to be written on the Arena software, which is a very popular simulation modeling software. What makes this text the authoritative source on Arena is that it was written by the Creators of Arena themselves.

The new edition follows in the tradition of the successful first edition in its tutorial style (via a sequence of carefully crafted examples) and an accessible writing style. The updates include thorough coverage of the new version of the Arena software (Arena 4.0), a revised statistical-analysis material, and additional exercises and examples.

The CD-ROM that accompanies the book contains the Academic version of the Arena software, which features a completely new reporting environment!

Author Biography

W. David Kelton is Professor, Department of Quantitative Analysis and Operations Management, University of Cincinnati.

Table of Contents

What is Simulation?	3	(16)
Modeling	3	(4)
What's Being Modeled?	4	(1)
How About Just Playing with the System?	5	(1)
Sometimes You Can't (or Shouldn't) Play with the System	5	(1)
Physical Models	6	(1)
Logical (or Mathematical) Models	6	(1)
What Do You Do with a Logical Model?	6	(1)
Computer Simulation	7	(3)
Popularity and Advantages	7	(1)
The Bad News	8	(1)
Different Kinds of Simulations	9	(1)
How Simulations Get Done	10	(3)
By Hand	10	(1)
Programming in General-Purpose Languages	11	(1)
Simulation Languages	11	(1)
High-Level Simulators	12	(1)
Where Arena Fits In	12	(1)
When Simulations Are Used	13	(6)
The Early Years	13	(1)
The Formative Years	14	(1)
The Recent Past	14	(1)
The Present	15	(1)
The Future	15	(4)
Fundamental Simulation Concepts	19	(30)
An Example	19	(3)
The System	19	(2)
Goals of the Study	21	(1)
Analysis Options	22	(2)
Educated Guessing	22	(1)
Queueing Theory	23	(1)
Mechanistic Simulation	24	(1)
Pieces of a Simulation Model	24	(5)
Entities	24	(1)
Attributes	25	(1)
(Global) Variables	26	(1)
Resources	26	(1)
Queues	26	(1)
Statistical Accumulators	27	(1)
Events	27	(1)
Simulation Clock	28	(1)
Starting and Stopping	28	(1)
Event-Driven Hand Simulation	29	(7)
Outline of the Action	29	(1)
Keeping Track	30	(2)
Carrying It Out	32	(4)
Finishing Up	36	(1)
Event and Process-Oriented Simulation	36	(2)
Randomness in Simulation	38	(4)
Random Input, Random Output	38	(1)
Replicating the Example	38	(2)
Comparing Alternatives	40	(2)
Overview of a Simulation Study	42	(1)
Exercises	43	(6)
A Guided Tour Through Arena	49	(52)
Starting Up	49	(2)
Exploring the Arena Window	51	(5)
Opening a Model	51	(1)
Basic Interaction and Pieces of the Arena Window	52	(2)
Moving Around and Up and Down in the Flowchart View	54	(1)
Modules	55	(1)
Browsing Through an Existing Model	56	(19)
The Create Flowchart Module	56	(2)
The Entity Data Module	58	(1)
The Process Flowchart Module	59	(2)
The Resource Data Module	61	(1)
The Queue Data Module	62	(1)
Animating Resources and Queues	62	(1)
The Dispose Flowchart Module	63	(1)
Connecting Flowchart Modules	64	(1)
Dynamic Plots	64	(2)
Dressing Things Up	66	(1)
Setting the Run Conditions	66	(2)
Running It	68	(1)
Viewing the Reports	69	(6)
Build it Yourself	75	(9)
New Model Window and Basic Process Panel	75	(1)
Place and Connect the Flowchart Modules	76	(1)
The Create Flowchart Module	77	(1)
Displays	77	(1)
The Entity Data Module	78	(1)
The Process Flowchart Module	78	(1)
The Resource and Queue Data Modules	79	(1)
Resource Animation	80	(1)
The Dispose Flowchart Module	80	(1)
Dynamic Plots	81	(2)
Window Dressing	83	(1)
The Run/Setup Dialogs	84	(1)
Establishing Named Views	84	(1)
More on Menus, Toolbars, Drawing, and Printing	84	(9)
Menus	84	(4)
Toolbars	88	(3)
Drawing	91	(1)
Printing	92	(1)
Help!	93	(1)
More on Running Models	94	(1)
Summary and Forecast	95	(1)
Exercises	95	(6)
Modeling Basic Operations and Inputs	101	(66)
An Electronic Assembly and Test System	101	(17)
Developing a Modeling Approach	102	(1)
Building the Model	103	(12)
Running the Model	115	(1)
Viewing the Results	116	(2)
The Enhanced Electronic Assembly and Test System	118	(15)
Expanding Resource Representation: Schedules and States	120	(1)
Resource Schedules	120	(4)
Resource Failures	124	(2)
Frequencies	126	(3)
Results of Model 4-2	129	(4)
Enhancing the Animation	133	(9)
Changing Animation Queues	134	(2)
Changing Entity Pictures	136	(1)
Adding Resource Pictures	137	(2)
Adding Plots and Variables	139	(3)
Input Analysis: Specifying Model Parameters and Distributors	142	(15)
Deterministic vs. Random Inputs	143	(1)
Collecting Data	144	(1)
Using Data	145	(1)
Fitting Input Distributions Via the Input Analyzer	146	(7)
No Data?	153	(3)
Nonstationary Arrival Processes	156	(1)
Multivariate and Correlated Input Data	157	(1)
Summary and Forecast	157	(1)
Exercises	158	(9)
Detailed Modeling and Terminating Statistical Analysis	167	(92)
A Generic Call Center System	168	(2)
New Modeling Issues	170	(6)
Nonstationary Arrival Process	170	(1)
Balking	171	(1)
Three-Way Decisions	172	(1)
Sets	172	(1)
Variables and Expressions	173	(1)
Submodels	174	(1)
Costing	174	(1)
Statistics and Animation	174	(1)
Terminating or Steady-State	175	(1)
Modeling Approach	176	(2)
Building the Model	178	(29)
Defining the Data	179	(7)
Submodel Creation	186	(2)
Increment the Time Period	188	(3)
Create Arrivals and Direct to Service	191	(7)
Technical Support Calls	198	(4)
Technical Support Returned Calls	202	(2)
Sales Calls	204	(2)
Order-Status Calls	206	(1)
Finding and Fixing Model Errors	207	(8)
Animating the Call Center Model	215	(8)
The Call Center Model for Analysis with Overall Performance Measures	223	(9)
Run Conditions	223	(2)
Slimming Down and Speeding Up	225	(1)
Overall Performance Measures	226	(6)
Statistical Analysis of Output from Terminating Simulations	232	(18)
Time Frame of Simulations	232	(1)
Strategy for Data Collection and Analysis	233	(2)
Confidence Intervals for Terminating Systems	235	(4)
Comparing Two Alternatives	239	(3)
Evaluating Many Alternatives with the Process Analyzer (PAN)	242	(5)
Searching for an Optimal Alternative with Optquest	247	(3)
Summary and Forecast	250	(1)
Exercises	250	(9)
Intermediate Modeling and Steady-State Statistical Analysis	259	(44)
The Electronic Assembly and Test System with Part Transfers	259	(9)
Some New Arena Concepts: Stations and Transfers	260	(1)
Adding the Route Logic	261	(3)
Altering the Animation	264	(4)
A Small Manufacturing System	268	(19)
New Arena Concepts	269	(1)
The Modeling Approach	270	(2)
The Data Modules	272	(2)
The Logic Modules	274	(6)
Animation	280	(3)
Verification	283	(4)
Statistical Analysis of Output from Steady-State Simulations	287	(9)
Warm Up and Run Length	287	(4)
Truncated Replications	291	(1)
Batching in a Single Run	292	(3)
What To Do?	295	(1)
Other Methods and Goals for Steady-State Statistical Analysis	296	(1)
Summary and Forecast	296	(1)
Exercises	296	(7)
Entity Transfer	303	(36)
Types of Entity Transfers	303	(2)
The Small Manufacturing System with Resource-Constrained Transfers	305	(4)
The Small Manufacturing System with Transporters	309	(15)
The Modified Model 7-1 for Transporters	310	(8)
Refining the Animation for Transporters	318	(6)
Conveyors	324	(9)
The Small Manufacturing System with Nonaccumulating Conveyors	327	(5)
The Small Manufacturing System with Accumulating Conveyors	332	(1)
Summary and Forecast	333	(1)
Exercises	333	(6)
A Sampler of Further Modeling Issues and Techniques	339	(46)
Modeling Conveyors Using the Advanced Transfer Panel	339	(6)
Finite Buffers at Stations	340	(4)
Parts Stay on Conveyor During Processing	344	(1)
More on Transporters	345	(1)
Entity Reneging	346	(8)
Entity Balking and Reneging	346	(1)
A Service Model with Balking and Reneging	347	(7)
Holding and Batching Entities	354	(7)
Modeling Options	354	(1)
A Batching Process Example	355	(6)
Overlapping Resources	361	(13)
System Description	362	(1)
A Tightly Coupled Production System	363	(11)
A Few Miscellaneous Modeling Issues	374	(2)
Guided Transporters	374	(1)
Parallel Queues	374	(2)
Decision Logic	376	(1)
Exercises	376	(9)
Arena Integration and Customization	385	(46)
Generating Entity Arrivals from Historical Data	385	(5)
VBA in Arena	390	(9)
Overview of Active X Automation and VBA	391	(1)
Built-in Arena VBA Events	392	(4)
Arena's Object Model	396	(3)
Presenting Arrival Choices to the User	399	(13)
Modifying the Creation Logic	400	(2)
Designing the VBA UserForm	402	(2)
Displaying the Form and Setting Model Data	404	(8)
Recording and Charting Model Results in Microsoft Excel	412	(8)
Setting Up Excel at the Beginning of the Run	414	(3)
Storing Individual Call Data Using the VBA Module	417	(2)
Charting the Results and Cleaning Up at the End of the Run	419	(1)
Creating Modules Using the Arena Professional Edition: Template 9-1	420	(7)
The Create from File Module	421	(1)
The Template Source File: Template 09--1.tpl	422	(1)
The Panel Icon and User View	422	(1)
The Module Logic and Operands	423	(3)
Uses of Templates	426	(1)
Summary and Forecast	427	(1)
Exercises	427	(4)
Continuous and Combined Discrete/Continuous Models	431	(40)
Modeling Simple Discrete/Continuous Systems	432	(8)
A Simple Continuous System	432	(3)
Interfacing Continuous and Discrete Logic	435	(5)
A Coal-Loading Operation	440	(14)
System Description	440	(2)
Modeling Approach	442	(1)
Building the Model	443	(11)
Continuous State-Change Systems	454	(10)
A Soaking Pit Furnace	455	(1)
Modeling Continuously Changing Rates	455	(1)
Arena's Approach for Solving Differential Equations	456	(2)
Building the Model	458	(5)
Defining the Differential Equations Using VBA	463	(1)
Summary and Forecast	464	(1)
Exercises	465	(6)
Further Statistical Issues	471	(30)
Random-Number Generation	471	(6)
Generating Random Variates	477	(4)
Discrete	477	(2)
Continuous	479	(2)
Nonstationary Poisson Processes	481	(1)
Variance Reduction	482	(8)
Common Random Numbers	483	(6)
Other Methods	489	(1)
Sequential Sampling	490	(6)
Terminating Models	490	(4)
Steady-State Models	494	(2)
Designing and Executing Simulation Experiments	496	(1)
Exercises	497	(4)
Conducting Simulation Studies	501	(20)
A Successful Simulation Study	501	(3)
Problem Formulation	504	(1)
Solution Methodology	505	(1)
System and Simulation Specification	506	(4)
Model Formulation and Construction	510	(2)
Verification and Validation	512	(3)
Experimentation and Analysis	515	(1)
Presenting and Preserving the Results	516	(1)
Disseminating the Model	517	(4)
Appendix A Functional Specification for The Washington Post	521	(16)
A.1 Introduction	521	(2)
A.1.1 Document Organization	521	(1)
A.1.2 Simulation Objectives	521	(1)
A.1.3 Purpose of the Functional Specification	522	(1)
A.1.4 Use of the Model	522	(1)
A.1.5 Hardware and Software Requirements	523	(1)
A.2 System Description and Modeling Approach	523	(6)
A.2.1 Model Timeline	523	(1)
A.2.2 Presses	523	(2)
A.2.3 Product Types	525	(1)
A.2.4 Press Packaging Lines	525	(1)
A.2.5 Tray System	525	(1)
A.2.6 Truck Arrivals	526	(1)
A.2.7 Docks	527	(1)
A.2.8 Palletizers	527	(1)
A.2.9 Manual Insertion Process	528	(1)
Example	528	(1)
A.3 Animation	529	(1)
A.4 Summary of Input and Output	529	(3)
A.4.1 Model Input	529	(1)
A.4.2 Model Output	530	(2)
A.5 Project Deliverables	532	(1)
A.5.1 Simulation Model Documentation	532	(1)
A.5.2 User's Manual	532	(1)
A.5.3 Model Validation	532	(1)
A.5.4 Animation	532	(1)
A.6 Acceptance	532	(5)
Appendix B IIE/RS Contest Problems	537	(28)
B.1 First Annual Contest: The SM Superstore	537	(2)
B.2 Second Annual Contest: The SM Market	539	(3)
B.3 Third Annual Contest: Sally Model's SM Pizza Shop	542	(4)
B.4 Fourth Annual Contest: SM Office Repair	546	(2)
B.5 Fifth Annual Contest: SM Rental	548	(4)
B.6 Sixth Annual Contest: SM Theme Parks	552	(3)
B.7 Seventh Annual Contest: SM Testing	555	(10)
Appendix C A Refresher on Probability and Statistics	565	(18)
C.1 Probability Basics	565	(2)
C.2 Random Variables	567	(8)
C.2.1 Basics	567	(1)
C.2.2 Discrete	568	(2)
C.2.3 Continuous	570	(2)
C.2.4 Joint Distributions, Covariance, Correlation, and Independence	572	(3)
C.3 Sampling and Sampling Distributions	575	(2)
C.4 Point Estimation	577	(1)
C.5 Confidence Intervals	577	(2)
C.6 Hypothesis Tests	579	(4)
Appendix D Arena's Probability Distributions	583	(18)
Arena's Probability Distributions	583	(18)
Beta	585	(1)
Continuous	586	(2)
Discrete	588	(1)
Erlang	589	(1)
Exponential	590	(1)
Gamma	591	(1)
Johnson	592	(1)
Lognormal	593	(1)
Normal	594	(1)
Poisson	595	(1)
Triangular	596	(1)
Uniform	597	(1)
Weibull	598	(3)
Appendix E Academic Software Installation Instructions	601	(4)
E.1 Authorization to Copy Software	601	(1)
E.2 Installing the Arena Software	601	(1)
E.3 System Requirements	602	(3)
References	605	(6)
References	605	(6)
Index	611
Index	611