Since 1500, Chapters 15-30 Vol. 2 : The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History

by Bulliet, Crossley, Headrick, Hirsch, Johnson, Northrup

• ISBN13: 9780618471164
• ISBN10: 0618471162
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

The Earth and Its Peoples Brief Edition is a compact presentation of world history with a comparative approach and a global, balanced perspective. The themes of "Environment and Technology" and "Diversity and Dominance" unite the regions of the world. The Earth and Its Peoples Brief Edition offers a high level of scholarship with a supportive, student-friendly format.

Table of Contents

Maps	p. xiii
Environment and Technology	p. xiv
Diversity and Dominance	p. xiv
Issues in World History	p. xiv
Preface	p. xv
About the Authors	p. xxi
Note on Spelling and Usage	p. xxiii
Introduction: The World Before 1500	p. xxiv
The Maritime Revolution, to 1550	p. 337
Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450	p. 338
The Pacific Ocean	p. 338
The Indian Ocean	p. 340
The Atlantic Ocean	p. 341
Iberian Expansion, 1400-1550	p. 342
Background to Iberian Expansion	p. 342
Portuguese Voyages	p. 343
Spanish Voyages	p. 345
Encounters with Europe, 1450-1550	p. 348
Western Africa	p. 348
Eastern Africa	p. 352
Indian Ocean States	p. 353
The Americas	p. 354
Patterns of Dominance	p. 356
Conclusion	p. 357
Key Terms	p. 357
Suggested Reading	p. 357
Notes	p. 358
Diversity and Dominance: Kongo's Christian King	p. 350
Issues in World History: Climate and Population, to 1500	p. 359
The Globe Encompassed, 1500-1800	p. 361
Transformations in Europe, 1500-1750	p. 364
Culture and Ideas	p. 365
Religious Reformation	p. 365
Traditional Thinking and Witch-Hunts	p. 369
The Scientific Revolution	p. 370
The Early Enlightenment	p. 372
Social and Economic Life	p. 372
The Bourgeoisie	p. 373
Peasants and Laborers	p. 375
Women and the Family	p. 377
Political Innovations	p. 378
State Development	p. 379
Religious Policies	p. 379
Monarchies in England and France	p. 380
Warfare and Diplomacy	p. 382
Paying the Piper	p. 383
Conclusion	p. 385
Key Terms	p. 385
Suggested Reading	p. 386
Notes	p. 386
Environment and Technology: Mapping the World	p. 376
The Americas, The Atlantic, and Africa, 1530-1770	p. 387
Spanish America and Brazil	p. 388
State and Church	p. 388
Colonial Economies	p. 391
Society in Colonial Latin America	p. 392
English and French Colonies in North America	p. 396
The South	p. 396
New England	p. 397
Middle Atlantic Region	p. 398
French America	p. 398
Plantations in the West Indies	p. 399
Sugar and Slaves	p. 399
Technology and Environment	p. 401
Creating the Atlantic Economy	p. 403
Capitalism and Mercantilism	p. 403
The Great Circuit and the Middle Passage	p. 404
Africa and the Atlantic	p. 405
The Gold Coast and the Slave Coast	p. 406
The Bight of Biafra and Angola	p. 406
The Columbian Exchange	p. 407
Transfers to the Americas	p. 407
Transfers from the Americas	p. 408
Conclusion	p. 409
Key Terms	p. 410
Suggested Reading	p. 410
Notes	p. 410
Diversity and Dominance: Race and Ethnicity in the Spanish Colonies: Negotiating Hierarchies	p. 394
Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean, 1500-1750	p. 411
The Ottoman Empire	p. 412
Expansion and Frontiers	p. 412
Central Institutions	p. 415
Crisis of the Military State, 1585-1650	p. 416
Economic Change and Growing Weakness	p. 417
The Safavid Empire	p. 420
Safavid Society and Religion	p. 421
Isfahan and Istanbul	p. 421
Economic Crisis and Political Collapse	p. 424
The Mughal Empire	p. 424
Political Foundations	p. 425
Hindus and Muslims	p. 425
Central Decay and Regional Challenges	p. 426
Trade Empires in the Indian Ocean	p. 427
Muslims in the East Indies	p. 427
Muslims in East Africa	p. 429
The Coming of the Dutch	p. 430
Conclusion	p. 430
Key Terms	p. 431
Suggested Reading	p. 431
Notes	p. 431
Diversity and Dominance: Islamic Law and Ottoman Rule	p. 418
Northern Eurasia, 1500-1800	p. 432
Japanese Reunification	p. 433
Civil War and the Invasion of Korea, 1500-1603	p. 433
The Tokugawa Shogunate, to 1800	p. 434
Japan and the Europeans	p. 434
Elite Decline and Social Crisis	p. 437
The Later Ming and Early Qing Empires	p. 438
The Ming Empire, 1500-1644	p. 438
Ming Collapse and the Rise of the Qing	p. 439
Trading Companies and Missionaries	p. 440
Emperor Kangxi	p. 440
Chinese Influences on Europe	p. 443
Tea and Diplomacy	p. 444
Population and Social Stress	p. 445
The Russian Empire	p. 445
The Drive Across Northern Asia	p. 445
Russian Society and Politics to 1725	p. 446
Peter the Great	p. 449
Consolidation of the Empire	p. 450
Comparative Perspectives	p. 451
Political Comparisons	p. 451
Cultural, Social, and Economic Comparisons	p. 451
Conclusion	p. 452
Key Terms	p. 452
Suggested Reading	p. 453
Notes	p. 454
Environment and Technology: East Asian Porcelain	p. 436
Issues in World History: The Little Ice Age	p. 455
Revolutions Reshape the World, 1750-1870	p. 457
Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750-1850	p. 460
Prelude to Revolution: War and the Enlightenment	p. 461
The American Revolution	p. 462
Frontiers and Taxes	p. 462
The Course of Revolution	p. 464
New Republican Institutions	p. 464
The French Revolution	p. 465
French Society and Fiscal Crisis	p. 465
Protest Turns to Revolution	p. 466
Reaction and Dictatorship	p. 468
Retrenchment, Reform, and Revolution	p. 469
Revolution in Haiti and Latin America	p. 469
The Haitian Revolution	p. 469
Latin American Revolutions	p. 471
Mexico	p. 473
Economic and Social Liberation Movements	p. 475
The Abolition of Slavery	p. 475
Equal Rights for Women and Blacks	p. 477
Conclusion	p. 478
Key Terms	p. 478
Suggested Reading	p. 478
Environment and Technology: Constructing the Port of Buenos Aires, Argentina	p. 476
The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851	p. 480
Causes of the Industrial Revolution	p. 481
Preconditions for Industrialization	p. 481
Britain's Advantages	p. 482
The Technological Revolution	p. 484
Mass Production and Mechanization	p. 484
The Iron Industry	p. 486
The Steam Engine	p. 487
Railroads	p. 488
Communication over Wires	p. 489
The Impact of the Industrial Revolution	p. 489
The New Industrial Cities	p. 490
Rural Environments	p. 490
Working Conditions	p. 491
Changes in Society	p. 492
New Economic and Political Ideas	p. 493
Laissez Faire	p. 493
Positivism and Utopian Socialism	p. 493
Protests and Reforms	p. 494
Emigration	p. 494
Industrialization and the Nonindustrial World	p. 495
Conclusion	p. 496
Key Terms	p. 497
Suggested Reading	p. 497
Notes	p. 497
Environment and Technology: The Origin of Graphs	p. 484
Africa, India, and the New British Empire, 1750-1870	p. 498
Changes and Exchanges in Africa	p. 499
New African States	p. 499
Modernization in Egypt and Ethiopia	p. 500
European Penetration	p. 500
Secondary Empires in Eastern Africa	p. 504
India Under British Rule	p. 504
Company Men	p. 504
Raj and Rebellion, 1818-1857	p. 506
Political Reform and Industrial Impact	p. 507
Rising Indian Nationalism	p. 509
Britain's Eastern Empire	p. 510
Colonies and Commerce	p. 510
Imperial Policies and Shipping	p. 511
Colonization of Australia and New Zealand	p. 512
New Labor Migrations	p. 513
Conclusion	p. 516
Key Terms	p. 517
Suggested Reading	p. 517
Notes	p. 517
Environment and Technology: Whaling	p. 514
Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1870	p. 518
The Ottoman Empire	p. 519
Egypt and the Napoleonic Example, 1798-1840	p. 519
Ottoman Reform and the European Model, 1807-1853	p. 520
The Crimean War and Its Aftermath, 1853-1877	p. 527
The Russian Empire	p. 529
Russia and Europe	p. 529
Russia and Asia	p. 531
Cultural Trends	p. 531
The Qing Empire	p. 532
Economic and Social Disorder, 1800-1839	p. 533
The Opium War and Its Aftermath, 1839-1850	p. 533
The Taiping Rebellion, 1850-1864	p. 536
Decentralization at the End of the Qing Empire, 1864-1875	p. 539
Conclusion	p. 540
Key Terms	p. 541
Suggested Reading	p. 541
Diversity and Dominance: The French Occupation of Egypt	p. 522
Issues in World History: State Power, the Census, and the Question of Identity	p. 542
Global Dominance and Diversity, 1850-1949	p. 545
The New Power Balance, 1850-1900	p. 548
New Technologies and the World Economy	p. 549
The Steel and Chemical Industries	p. 549
Electricity	p. 549
Shipping and Telegraph Cables	p. 550
Railroads	p. 550
World Trade and Finance	p. 550
Social Transformations	p. 550
Population and Migrations	p. 552
Urbanization and Social Structures	p. 552
Labor Movements and Socialist Politics	p. 552
Working-Class Women and Men	p. 553
The Victorian Age and Women's "Separate Sphere"	p. 553
Nationalism and the Unification of Germany	p. 557
National Identity Before 1871	p. 557
The Unification of Germany	p. 558
Nationalism After 1871	p. 558
The Great Powers of Europe, 1871-1900	p. 560
Germany at the Center of Europe	p. 560
The Liberal Powers: France and Great Britain	p. 560
The Conservative Powers: Russia and Austria-Hungary	p. 560
New Great Powers: The United States and Japan	p. 562
The United States, 1865-1900	p. 562
The Crisis of the Tokugawa Shogunate	p. 563
The Meiji Restoration and the Modernization of Japan, 1868-1894	p. 564
The Birth of Japanese Imperialism, 1894-1905	p. 565
Conclusion	p. 567
Key Terms	p. 567
Suggested Reading	p. 567
Diversity and Dominance: Marx and Engels on Global Trade and the Bourgeoisie	p. 554
The New Imperialism, 1869-1914	p. 569
The New Imperialism: Motives and Methods	p. 570
Political Motives	p. 570
Cultural Motives	p. 572
Economic Motives	p. 574
The Tools of the Imperialists	p. 574
Colonial Agents and Administration	p. 575
The Scramble for Africa	p. 577
Egypt	p. 577
Western and Equatorial Africa	p. 579
Southern Africa	p. 580
Political and Social Consequences	p. 581
Cultural Responses	p. 582
Asia and Western Dominance	p. 583
Central Asia	p. 583
Southeast Asia and Indonesia	p. 583
Hawaii and the Philippines, 1878-1902	p. 587
Imperialism in Latin America	p. 589
Railroads and the Imperialism of Free Trade	p. 590
American Expansionism and the Spanish-American War, 1898	p. 591
American Intervention in the Caribbean and Central America, 1907-1914	p. 591
The World Economy and the Global Environment	p. 592
Expansion of the World Economy	p. 592
Transformation of the Global Environment	p. 593
Conclusion	p. 594
Key Terms	p. 594
Suggested Reading	p. 594
Notes	p. 595
Diversity and Dominance: Two Africans Recall the Arrival of the Europeans	p. 584
The Crisis of the Imperial Order, 1900-1929	p. 596
Origins of the Crisis in Europe and the Middle East	p. 597
The Ottoman Empire and the Balkans	p. 597
Nationalism, Alliances, and Military Strategy	p. 597
The "Great War" and the Russian Revolutions	p. 601
Stalemate, 1914-1917	p. 601
The Home Front and the War Economy	p. 603
The Ottoman Empire at War	p. 603
Double Revolution in Russia, 1917	p. 604
The End of the War in Western Europe, 1917-1918	p. 605
Peace and Dislocation in Europe	p. 605
The Impact of the War	p. 605
The Peace Treaties	p. 606
Russian Civil War and the New Economic Policy	p. 606
An Ephemeral Peace	p. 607
China and Japan: Contrasting Destinies	p. 608
Revolution in China	p. 608
Japan and World War I	p. 609
China in the 1920s	p. 609
The New Middle East	p. 610
The Rise of Modern Turkey	p. 610
Arab Lands and the Question of Palestine	p. 612
Society, Culture, and Technology in the Industrialized World	p. 612
Class and Gender	p. 613
Revolution in the Sciences	p. 614
The New Technologies of Modernity	p. 614
Technology and the Environment	p. 615
Conclusion	p. 617
Key Terms	p. 617
Suggested Reading	p. 617
Environment and Technology: Cities Old and New	p. 598
The Collapse of the Old Order, 1929-1949	p. 619
Stalin's Revolution	p. 620
Five-Year Plans	p. 620
Collectivization of Agriculture	p. 620
Terror and Opportunities	p. 622
The Depression	p. 623
Economic Crisis	p. 623
Depression in Industrial Nations	p. 623
Depression in Nonindustrial Regions	p. 623
The Rise of Fascism	p. 626
Mussolini's Italy	p. 626
Hitler's Germany	p. 627
The Road to War, 1933-1939	p. 628
East Asia, 1931-1945	p. 629
The Manchurian Incident of 1931	p. 629
The Chinese Communists and the Long March	p. 629
The Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945	p. 630
The Second World War	p. 631
The War of Movement	p. 631
War in Europe and North Africa	p. 631
War in Asia and the Pacific	p. 632
The End of the War	p. 634
Chinese Civil War and Communist Victory	p. 634
The Character of Warfare	p. 635
The War of Science	p. 635
Bombing Raids	p. 637
The Holocaust	p. 637
The Home Front	p. 638
War and the Environment	p. 638
Conclusion	p. 639
Key Terms	p. 639
Suggested Reading	p. 639
Diversity and Dominance: Women, Family Values, and the Russian Revolution	p. 624
Striving for Independence: Africa, India, and Latin America, 1900-1949	p. 641
Sub-Saharan Africa, 1900-1945	p. 642
Colonial Africa: Economic and Social Changes	p. 642
Religious and Political Changes	p. 644
The Indian Independence Movement, 1905-1947	p. 646
The Land and the People	p. 646
British Rule and Indian Nationalism	p. 647
Mahatma Gandhi and Militant Nonviolence	p. 648
India Moves Toward Independence	p. 649
Partition and Independence	p. 651
The Mexican Revolution, 1910-1940	p. 652
Mexico in 1910	p. 652
Revolution and Civil War, 1911-1920	p. 654
The Revolution Institutionalized, 1920-1940	p. 654
Argentina and Brazil, 1900-1949	p. 656
The Transformation of Argentina	p. 657
Brazil and Argentina, to 1929	p. 657
The Depression and the Vargas Regime in Brazil	p. 658
Argentina After 1930	p. 659
Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil: A Comparison	p. 660
Conclusion	p. 660
Key Terms	p. 661
Suggested Reading	p. 661
Notes	p. 661
Environment and Technology: Gandhi and Technology	p. 650
Issues in World History: Famines and Politics	p. 662
The Perils and Promises of a Global Community, 1945 to the Present	p. 665
The Cold War and Decolonization, 1945-1975	p. 668
The Cold War	p. 669
The United Nations	p. 669
Capitalism and Communism	p. 670
West Versus East in Europe and Korea	p. 672
U.S. Defeat in Vietnam	p. 673
The Race for Nuclear Supremacy	p. 674
Decolonization and Nation Building	p. 675
New Nations in Southern Asia	p. 675
The Struggle for Independence in Africa	p. 675
The Quest for Economic Freedom in Latin America	p. 678
Challenges of Nation Building	p. 679
Beyond a Bipolar World	p. 679
The Third World	p. 679
Japan and China	p. 683
The Middle East	p. 684
The Emergence of Environmental Concerns	p. 687
Conclusion	p. 687
Key Terms	p. 687
Suggested Reading	p. 687
Diversity and Dominance: Race and the Struggle for Justice in South Africa	p. 680
Crisis, Realignment, and the Dawn of the Post-Cold War World, 1975-1991	p. 689
Postcolonial Crises and Asian Economic Expansion, 1975-1991	p. 690
Revolutions, Repression, and Democratic Reform in Latin America	p. 690
Islamic Revolutions in Iran and Afghanistan	p. 693
Asian Transformation	p. 696
The End of the Bipolar World, 1989-1991	p. 699
Crisis in the Soviet Union	p. 699
The Collapse of the Socialist Bloc	p. 700
The Persian Gulf War, 1990-1991	p. 702
The Challenge of Population Growth	p. 703
Demographic Transition	p. 703
The Industrialized Nations	p. 704
The Developing Nations	p. 705
Unequal Development and the Movement of Peoples	p. 706
The Problem of Growing Inequality	p. 706
Internal Migration: The Growth of Cities	p. 706
Global Migration	p. 707
Technological and Environmental Change	p. 708
New Technologies and the World Economy	p. 708
Conserving and Sharing Resources	p. 709
Responding to Environmental Threats	p. 709
Conclusion	p. 710
Key Terms	p. 710
Suggested Reading	p. 711
Notes	p. 711
Diversity and Dominance: The Struggle for Women's Rights in an Era of Global Political and Economic Change	p. 694
Globalization at the Turn of the Millennium	p. 712
Global Political Economies	p. 714
The Spread of Democracy	p. 714
Global Politics	p. 716
Arms Control and Terrorism	p. 717
The Global Economy	p. 718
Managing the Global Economy	p. 720
Trends and Visions	p. 722
A New Age?	p. 722
Militant Islam	p. 722
Universal Rights and Values	p. 723
Women's Rights	p. 725
Global Culture	p. 726
The Media and the Message	p. 727
The Spread of Pop Culture	p. 729
The Emerging Global Elite Culture	p. 730
Enduring Cultural Diversity	p. 731
Conclusion	p. 732
Key Terms	p. 732
Suggested Reading	p. 733
Notes	p. 733
Environment and Technology: Global Warming	p. 726
Glossary	p. G-1
Index	p. I-1
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