Single- and Multi-Carrier Quadrature Amplitude Modulation : Principles and Applications for Personal Communications, WLANs and Broadcasting

by Lajos Hanzo (Univ. of Southampton, UK); William Webb (Motorola, Arlington Heights, formerly at Multiple Access Communications Ltd, Southampton, UK); Thomas Keller (Ubinetics, Cambridge Technology Centre, Melbourn, UK formerly Univ. of Southampton, UK

• ISBN13: 9780471492399
• ISBN10: 0471492396
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-01-01
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

Single- and Multi-carrier Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Principles and Applications for Personal Communications, WLANs and Broadcasting L. Hanzo Department of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, UK W. Webb Motorola, Arlington Heights, USA formerly at Multiple Access Communications Ltd, Southampton, UK T. Keller Ubinetics, Cambridge Technology Centre, Melbourn, UK formerly at Department of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, UK Motivated by the rapid evolution of wireless communication systems, this expanded second edition provides an overview of most major single- and multi-carrier Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) techniques commencing with simple QAM schemes for the uninitiated through to complex, rapidly-evolving areas, such as arrangements for wide-band mobile channels. Targeted at the more advanced reader, the multi-carrier modulation based second half of the book presents a research-orientated outlook using a variety of novel QAM-based arrangements. * Features six new chapters dealing with the complexities of multi-carrier modulation which has found applications ranging from Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) to Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) * Provides a rudimentary introduction for readers requiring a background in the field of modulation and radio wave propagation * Discusses classic QAM transmission issues relevant to Gaussian channels * Examines QAM-based transmissions over mobile radio channels * Incorporates QAM-related orthogonal techniques, considers the spectral efficiency of QAM in cellular frequency re-use structures and presents a QAM-based speech communications system design study * Introduces Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) over both Gaussian and wideband fading channels By providing an all-encompassing self-contained treatment of single- and multi- carrier QAM based communications, a wide range of readers including senior undergraduate and postgraduate students, practising engineers and researchers alike will all find the coverage of this book attractive.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Acknowledgements	xxi
Introduction and Background	1	(22)
Modulation Methods	1	(4)
History of QAM	5	(12)
Determining the Optimum constellation	5	(1)
Coherent and non-coherent reception	6	(1)
Clock recovery	6	(1)
The Type I, II and III constellations	7	(3)
Satellite links	10	(1)
Odd-bit constellations	10	(1)
QAM modem implementation	11	(1)
Non-linear amplification	12	(1)
Frequency selective fading and channel equalisers	13	(1)
Filtering	13	(1)
Advanced prototypes	13	(1)
QAM for mobile radio	14	(3)
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Based QAM	17	(3)
History of OFDM	17	(1)
Peak-to-mean power ratio	18	(1)
Synchronisation	18	(1)
OFDM/CDMA	19	(1)
Adaptive antennas	19	(1)
OFDM applications	19	(1)
Summary	20	(1)
Outline of Topics	20	(3)
Communications Channels	23	(34)
Fixed Communication Channels	23	(4)
Introduction	23	(1)
Fixed channel types	24	(1)
Characterisation of noise	25	(2)
Telephone Channels	27	(3)
Mobile Radio Channels	30	(25)
Introduction	30	(1)
Equivalent baseband and passband systems	31	(5)
Gaussian mobile radio channel	36	(2)
Narrow band fading channels	38	(1)
Propagation path loss law	39	(2)
Slow fading statistics	41	(1)
Fast fading statistics	42	(3)
Doppler spectrum	45	(3)
Simulation of narrowband channels	48	(1)
Frequency domain fading simulation	49	(1)
Time domain fading simulation	50	(1)
Box-Muller algorithm of AWGN generation	50	(1)
Wideband channels	51	(1)
Modelling of wideband channels	51	(4)
Mobile Satellite Propagation	55	(1)
Fixed-link satellite channels	55	(1)
Satellite-to-mobile channels	55	(1)
Summary	56	(1)
Introduction to Modems	57	(10)
Analogue-to-Digital Conversion	57	(2)
Mapping	59	(2)
Filtering	61	(2)
Modulation and Demodulation	63	(3)
Data Recovery	66	(1)
Summary	66	(1)
Basic QAM Techniques	67	(46)
Constellations for Gaussian Channels	67	(5)
General Pulse Shaping Techniques	72	(11)
Baseband equivalent system	72	(1)
Nyquist filtering	73	(3)
Raised cosine Nyquist filtering	76	(1)
The choice of roll-off factor	76	(2)
Optimum transmit and receive filtering	78	(1)
Characterisation of ISI by eye diagrams	79	(2)
Non-linear filtering	81	(2)
Methods of Generating QAM	83	(6)
Generating conventional QAM	83	(2)
Superposed QAM	85	(1)
Offset QAM	86	(2)
Non-linear amplification	88	(1)
Methods of Detecting QAM Signals	89	(5)
Threshold detection of QAM	89	(1)
Matched filtered detection	89	(3)
Correlation receiver	92	(2)
Linearisation of Power Amplifiers	94	(14)
The linearisation problem	94	(1)
Linearisation by predistortion [1]	94	(1)
The predistortion concept	94	(1)
Predistorter description	94	(5)
Predistorter coefficient adjustment	99	(1)
Predistorter performance	100	(2)
Postdistortion of NLA-QAM [2]	102	(1)
The postdistortion concept	102	(2)
Postdistorter description	104	(3)
Postdistorter coefficient adaptation	107	(1)
Postdistorter performance	107	(1)
Non-differential Coding for Square QAM	108	(1)
Differential Coding for Square QAM	109	(2)
Summary	111	(2)
Square QAM	113	(10)
Decision Theory	113	(2)
QAM Modulation and Transmission	115	(1)
16-QAM Demodulation in AWGN	116	(1)
64-QAM Demodulation in AWGN	117	(5)
Summary	122	(1)
Clock and Carrier Recovery	123	(18)
Introduction	123	(1)
Clock Recovery	123	(4)
Times-two clock recovery	124	(1)
Early-late clock recovery	125	(1)
Zero-crossing clock recovery	126	(1)
Synchroniser	127	(1)
Carrier Recovery	127	(12)
Times-n carrier recovery	130	(2)
Decision directed carrier recovery	132	(3)
Frequency and phase detection systems	135	(4)
Summary	139	(2)
Trained and Blind Equaliser Techniques	141	(86)
Introduction	141	(1)
Linear Equalisers	142	(10)
Zero-forcing equalisers	142	(4)
Least mean squared equalisers	146	(3)
Decision directed adaptive equalisers	149	(3)
Decision Feedback Equalisers	152	(2)
Fast Converging Equalisers	154	(9)
Least squares method	155	(3)
Recursive Least Squares Method [3]	158	(1)
Cost function weighting	158	(1)
Recursive correlation update	159	(1)
The Ricatti equation of RLS estimation	160	(1)
Recursive equaliser coefficient update	160	(3)
Adaptive Equalisers for QAM	163	(2)
Viterbi Equalisers	165	(5)
Partial response modulation	165	(2)
Viterbi equalisation	167	(3)
Overview of Blind Equalisers	170	(42)
Introduction	170	(1)
Historical background	171	(1)
Blind equalization principles	172	(2)
Bussgang blind equalizers	174	(6)
Sato's algorithm [4]	180	(2)
Constant modulus algorithm [5]	182	(2)
Modified constant modulus algorithm [6]	184	(1)
Benveniste--Goursat algorithm [7]	185	(1)
Stop-and-Go algorithm [8]	186	(1)
Convergence issues	187	(4)
Joint channel and data estimation techniques	191	(2)
Using second--order cyclostationary statistics	193	(4)
Polycepstra based equalization	197	(2)
Complexity evaluation	199	(2)
Performance results	201	(1)
Channel models	201	(1)
Learning Curves	202	(5)
Phasor diagrams	207	(1)
Gaussian channel	208	(3)
Simulations with decision-directed switching	211	(1)
Summary	212	(1)
Appendix: Differentiation with Respect to a Vector	213	(7)
An illustrative example: CMA cost-function minimization	219	(1)
Appendix: Polycepstra definitions	220	(7)
Trellis Coded Modulation	227	(14)
Introduction	227	(1)
TCM Fundamentals	228	(2)
8-PSK TCM	230	(5)
16-QAM TCM	235	(5)
TCM Under Phase Rotation	240	(1)
Summary	240	(1)
QAM Modems	241	(18)
Introduction	241	(1)
Transmission Bit Rate Limits	242	(8)
Modem	243	(1)
Signal constellation	243	(2)
Training signals	245	(4)
Scrambling and descrambling	249	(1)
Channel equalisation and synchronisation	249	(1)
Modem	250	(5)
General features	250	(1)
Signal constellation and bitmapping	250	(1)
Non-redundant 16-QAM	250	(2)
Trellis coded 32-QAM	252	(2)
Scrambler and descrambler	254	(1)
Modem	255	(3)
General features	255	(1)
Signal constellations and Bitmapping	255	(2)
Synchronising signals	257	(1)
Summary	258	(1)
Square QAM for fading channels	259	(32)
16-QAM Performance	259	(7)
64-QAM Performance	266	(3)
Reference Assisted Coherent QAM	269	(20)
Transparent tone in band modulation [9]	269	(1)
Introduction	269	(1)
Principles of TTIB	270	(3)
TTIB subcarrier recovery	273	(3)
TTIB schemes using quadrature mirror filters	276	(4)
Residual frequency error compensation [10]	280	(1)
TTIB system parameters [11]	281	(2)
Pilot symbol assisted modulation [12]	283	(1)
Introduction	283	(1)
PSAM system description	283	(2)
Channel gain estimation	285	(2)
PSAM parameters	287	(1)
PSAM performance	288	(1)
Summary	289	(2)
Star QAM	291	(30)
Introduction	291	(1)
Star QAM Transmissions	291	(6)
Differential coding	292	(1)
Differential decoding	293	(1)
Effect of oversampling	293	(2)
Star 16-QAM performance	295	(2)
Trellis Coded Modulation for QAM	297	(1)
Block Coding	298	(1)
64-level TCM	299	(2)
Bandwidth Efficient Coding Results	301	(1)
Overall Coding Strategy	302	(2)
Square 16-QAM/PSAM/TCM scheme	304	(1)
Distorted Constellation Star QAM	304	(6)
Introduction	304	(1)
Distortion of the star	305	(1)
Amplitude distortion	306	(2)
Phase variations	308	(2)
Practical Considerations	310	(7)
Introduction	310	(1)
Hardware imperfections	311	(1)
Quantisation levels	311	(2)
I-Q crosstalk	313	(1)
Oversampling ratio	314	(1)
AM-AM and AM-PM distortion	315	(2)
Summary	317	(4)
Timing Recovery for Mobile Radio	321	(18)
Introduction	321	(1)
Times-two Clock Recovery for QAM	321	(1)
Early-Late Clock Recovery	322	(3)
Modified Early-Late Clock Recovery	325	(2)
Clock Recovery in the Presence of ISI	327	(5)
Wideband channel models	327	(2)
Clock recovery in two-path channels	329	(1)
Case of τ ≠ nT	329	(2)
Case of τ ≠ nT	331	(1)
Clock recovery performance in smeared ISI	331	(1)
Implementation Details	332	(7)
Carrier Recovery	333	(4)
Summary	337	(2)
Variable Rate QAM	339	(20)
Introduction	339	(2)
Variable QAM Constellations	341	(1)
The RSSI Switching System	342	(4)
Results	345	(1)
The Error Detector Switching System	346	(5)
Results	349	(2)
Co-channel Interference	351	(3)
Application to a DECT-Type System	354	(1)
Summary	355	(4)
Wideband QAM Transmissions	359	(16)
Introduction	359	(1)
The RAKE Combiner	359	(1)
The Proposed Equaliser	360	(10)
Linear equaliser	360	(3)
Iterative equaliser system	363	(1)
The one-symbol window equaliser	364	(3)
The limited correction DFE	367	(2)
Use of error correction coding	369	(1)
Diversity in the Wideband System	370	(3)
Summary	373	(2)
Quadrature-Quadrature AM	375	(16)
Introduction	375	(1)
Q2PSK	375	(4)
Q2AM	379	(3)
Square 16-QAM	379	(1)
Star 16-QAM	380	(2)
Spectral Efficiency	382	(1)
Bandlimiting 16-Q2AM	383	(1)
Results	384	(4)
Summary	388	(3)
Spectral Efficiency of QAM	391	(12)
Introduction	391	(2)
Efficiency in Large Cells	393	(1)
Spectrum Efficiency in Microcells	394	(7)
Microcellular clusters	395	(3)
System design for microcells	398	(1)
Microcellular radio capacity	399	(1)
Modulation schemes for microcells	400	(1)
Summary	401	(2)
QAM Speech Systems	403	(20)
Introduction	403	(1)
Modem Schemes	404	(2)
GMSK Modulation	404	(1)
π/4--DQPSK Modulation	405	(1)
Speech Codecs	406	(7)
Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation	406	(2)
Analysis-by-synthesis speech coding	408	(1)
The RPE-LTP Speech Encoder	408	(3)
The RPE-LTP Speech Decoder	411	(2)
Speech Quality Measures	413	(1)
Discontinuous Transmission	414	(1)
Channel Coding and Bit-mapping	415	(2)
Speech Transmission Systems	417	(1)
Packet Reservation Multiple Access	418	(3)
PRMA performance	420	(1)
Summary	421	(2)
Introduction to OFDM	423	(24)
Introduction	423	(3)
Principles of QAM-OFDM	426	(2)
Modulation by DFT	428	(2)
Transmission via Bandlimited Channels	430	(3)
Generalised Nyquist Criterion	433	(3)
Basic OFDM Modem Implementations	436	(3)
Cyclic OFDM Symbol Extension	439	(1)
Reducing MDI by Compensation	440	(3)
Transient system analysis	440	(2)
Recursive MDI compensation	442	(1)
Adaptive Channel Equalisation	443	(2)
OFDM Bandwidth Efficiency	445	(1)
Summary	446	(1)
OFDM Transmission over Gaussian Channels	447	(26)
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing	448	(3)
History	448	(1)
Peak-to-mean power ratio	449	(1)
Synchronisation	449	(1)
OFDM/CDMA	450	(1)
Adaptive antennas	450	(1)
OFDM applications	450	(1)
The Frequency Domain Modulation	451	(1)
OFDM System Performance over AWGN Channels	451	(1)
Clipping Amplification	452	(7)
OFDM signal amplitude statistics	452	(1)
Clipping amplifier simulations	453	(1)
Peak-power reduction techniques	454	(1)
BER performance using clipping amplifiers	455	(1)
Signal spectrum with clipping amplifier	456	(3)
Clipping amplification - summary	459	(1)
Analogue-to-Digital Conversion	459	(3)
Phase Noise	462	(11)
Effects of phase noise	463	(1)
Phase noise simulations	463	(1)
White phase noise model	464	(1)
Serial modem	464	(1)
OFDM modem	464	(5)
Coloured phase noise model	469	(2)
Phase noise - Summary	471	(2)
OFDM Transmission over Wideband Channels	473	(36)
The Channel Model	473	(5)
The wireless asynchronous transfer mode system	474	(1)
The WATM channel	474	(2)
The shortened WATM channel	476	(1)
The wireless local area network system	476	(1)
The WLAN channel	477	(1)
The UMTS system	477	(1)
The UMTS type channel	477	(1)
Effects of Time Dispersive Channels on OFDM	478	(4)
Effects of the stationary time dispersive channel	479	(1)
Non-stationary channel	479	(2)
Summary of time-variant channels	481	(1)
Signalling over time dispersive OFDM channels	482	(1)
Channel Estimation	482	(8)
Frequency domain channel estimation	482	(1)
Pilot symbol assisted schemes	483	(1)
Linear interpolation for PSAM	483	(2)
Ideal lowpass interpolation for PSAM	485	(3)
Summary	488	(1)
Time domain channel estimation	488	(2)
System Performance	490	(14)
Static time dispersive channel	490	(1)
Perfect channel estimation	490	(4)
Differentially coded modulation	494	(2)
Pilot symbol assisted modulation	496	(6)
Slowly varying time-dispersive channel	502	(1)
Perfect channel estimation	502	(2)
Pilot symbol assisted modulation	504	(1)
Conclusion	504	(5)
Time and Frequency Domain Synchronisation	509	(44)
Performance with Frequency and Timing Errors	509	(12)
Frequency shift	509	(1)
The spectrum of the OFDM signal	510	(4)
Effects of frequency mismatch on different modulation schemes	514	(1)
Coherent modulation	514	(1)
PSAM	514	(1)
Differential modulation	515	(1)
Frequency error - summary	515	(2)
Time domain synchronisation errors	517	(1)
Coherent demodulation	517	(1)
Pilot symbol assisted modulation	517	(2)
Differential modulation	519	(2)
Time-domain synchronisation errors - summary	521	(1)
Synchronisation Algorithms	521	(22)
Coarse frame and OFDM symbol synchronisation	522	(1)
Fine symbol tracking	523	(1)
Frequency acquisition	523	(1)
Frequency tracking	523	(1)
Synchronisation by autocorrelation	524	(1)
Multiple Access Frame Structure	524	(1)
The reference symbol	524	(2)
The correlation functions	526	(1)
Frequency tracking and OFDM symbol synchronisation	527	(1)
OFDM symbol synchronisation	527	(1)
Frequency tracking	527	(3)
Frequency acquisition and frame synchronisation	530	(1)
Frame synchronisation	530	(1)
Frequency acquisition	530	(1)
Block diagram of the synchronisation algorithms	531	(1)
Synchronisation using pilots	531	(1)
The reference symbol	531	(1)
Frequency acquisition	532	(2)
Performance of the pilot based frequency acquisition in AWGN Channels	534	(5)
Alternative frequency error estimation for frequency-domain pilot tones	539	(4)
Comparison of the Frequency Acquisition Algorithms	543	(2)
BER Performance with Frequency Synchronisation	545	(2)
Conclusion	547	(1)
Appendix: OFDM Synchronisation Performance	547	(6)
Frequency synchronisation in an AWGN channel	547	(1)
One phasor in AWGN environment	548	(1)
Cartesian coordinates	548	(1)
Polar coordinates	548	(1)
Product of two noisy phasors	549	(1)
Joint probability density	549	(1)
Phase distribution	550	(1)
Numerical integration	550	(3)
Adaptive Single- and Multi-user OFDM	553	(60)
Introduction	553	(5)
Motivation	553	(1)
Adaptive techniques	554	(1)
Channel quality estimation	555	(1)
Parameter adaptation	556	(1)
Signalling the parameters	557	(1)
System aspects	558	(1)
Adaptive Modulation for OFDM	558	(19)
System model	558	(2)
Channel model	560	(1)
Channel estimation	560	(1)
Choice of the modulation modes	560	(1)
Fixed threshold adaptation algorithm	561	(3)
Sub-band BER estimator adaptation algorithm	564	(1)
Constant throughput adaptive OFDM	565	(2)
Signalling and blind detection	567	(1)
Signalling	567	(1)
Blind detection by SNR estimation	568	(2)
Blind detection by multi-mode trellis decoder	570	(2)
Sub-band adaptive OFDM and channel coding	572	(1)
The effect of channel Doppler frequency	573	(3)
Channel estimation	576	(1)
Adaptive OFDM Speech System	577	(9)
Introduction	577	(1)
System overview	578	(1)
System parameters	579	(1)
Constant throughput adaptive modulation	579	(1)
Constant-rate BER performance	580	(1)
Multimode adaptation	581	(2)
Mode switching	583	(1)
Simulation results	584	(1)
Frame error results	585	(1)
Audio segmental SNR	585	(1)
Pre-equalisation	586	(8)
Motivation	586	(4)
Pre-equalisation with sub-band blocking	590	(1)
Adaptive modulation with spectral predistortion	591	(3)
Comparison of the Adaptive Techniques	594	(2)
Near-optimum Power- and Bit-allocation in OFDM	596	(5)
State-of-the-art	596	(1)
Problem description	596	(2)
Power and bit allocation algorithm	598	(3)
Multi-User AOFDM	601	(10)
Introduction	601	(1)
Adaptive transceiver architecture	602	(3)
Simulation results - perfect channel knowledge	605	(3)
Pilot-based channel parameter estimation	608	(3)
Summary	611	(2)
Block-Coded Adaptive OFDM	613	(24)
Introduction	613	(13)
Motivation	613	(1)
Choice of error correction codes	614	(1)
Redundant Residue Number System Codes	614	(2)
Performance in an AWGN channel	616	(1)
Performance in a fading time dispersive channel	617	(1)
Adaptive RRNS-coded OFDM	618	(6)
ARRNS/AOFDM transceivers	624	(2)
Soft decision RRNS decoding	626	(1)
Turbo BCH Codes	626	(5)
Adaptive TBCH coding	629	(2)
Joint ATBCH/AOFDM algorithm	631	(1)
Signalling	631	(2)
Comparison of Coded Adaptive OFDM Schemes	633	(1)
Summary, Conclusions and Further OFDM Research	634	(3)
Summary of the OFDM-related chapters	634	(1)
Conclusions concerning the OFDM chapters	635	(1)
Suggestions for further OFDM research	636	(1)
QAM-based Video Broadcast Systems	637	(46)
DVB-T for Mobile Receivers	637	(21)
Background and motivation	637	(1)
DVB terrestrial scheme	638	(3)
Terrestrial broadcast channel model	641	(1)
Non-hierarchical OFDM DVB performance	642	(8)
Video data partitioning scheme	650	(2)
Hierarchical OFDM DVB performance	652	(1)
Conclusions and future work	653	(5)
Satellite-based Video Broadcasting	658	(25)
Background and motivation	658	(1)
DVB satellite scheme	659	(1)
Satellite channel model	660	(2)
The blind equalisers	662	(3)
Performance of the DVB satellite scheme	665	(1)
Transmission over the symbol-spaced two-path channel	666	(6)
Transmission over the two-symbol delay two-path channel	672	(4)
Performance summary of the DVB-S system	676	(4)
Conclusions and future work	680	(3)
Glossary	683	(4)
Bibliography	687	(34)
Index	721	(8)
Author Index	729