Skeletal Function and Form: Mechanobiology of Skeletal Development, Aging, and Regeneration

by Dennis R. Carter , Gary S. Beaupré

• ISBN13: 9780521790000
• ISBN10: 052179000X
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-12-18
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Summary

The intimate relationship between form and function inherent in the design of animals is perhaps nowhere more evident than in the musculoskeletal system. This book, about how function determines form, addresses the role of mechanical factors in the development, adaptation, maintenance, aging, and repair of skeletal tissues. The authors refer to this process as mechanobiology and develop their theme within an evolutionary framework. They show how degenerative disorders such as arthritis and osteoporosis are regulated by the same mechanical processes that influence normal development and growth. Skeletal Function and Form bridges important gaps among disciplines, providing a common ground for a multidisciplinary understanding.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Form and Function	1	(30)
Historical Foundation	1	(4)
Skeletal Pattern Formation	5	(6)
Skeletal Evolution	11	(9)
Dermal, Perichondral, and Endochondral Bone	13	(3)
Bony Epiphyses and Sesamoid Bones	16	(2)
Mechanobiology in the Mammalian Skeleton	18	(2)
Human Skeletal Growth and Functional Adaptation	20	(11)
Skeletal Tissue Histomorphology and Mechanics	31	(22)
Cartilage	31	(2)
Bone	33	(5)
Tendons and Ligaments	38	(2)
Levels of Consideration in Mechanobiology	40	(2)
Stress and Strain	42	(6)
Single-Phase Material Representations	43	(4)
Two-Phase Porous Hydrated Material Representations	47	(1)
Structural Mechanics and Stress Analysis	48	(5)
Cartilage Differentiation and Growth	53	(20)
Tendon Development and Fibrocartilage Metaplasia	53	(9)
Secondary Cartilage	62	(1)
Joint Surface Morphogenesis	62	(11)
Perichondral and Periosteal Ossification	73	(33)
Bone Formation	73	(2)
Biological and Mechanobiological Factors	75	(5)
Mathematical Model for Growth and Adaptation	80	(16)
Model Development	80	(6)
Normal Growth and Aging Simulations	86	(4)
Comparisons Between Clinical Data and Simulations	90	(4)
Mechanobiological Effects in Growth and Adaptation	94	(2)
Creating a More Complete Model	96	(10)
Stress/Strain Histories	96	(2)
Site Specificity, Lining Cells, and Time Lags	98	(8)
Endochondral Growth and Ossification	106	(32)
Morphology and Biology	106	(4)
Biological Factors	110	(4)
Mechanobiological Regulation of Growth and Ossification Patterns	114	(3)
Mechanobiology and Endochonral Ossification Patterns	117	(21)
Development of the Femur	118	(4)
Ossification Patterns in the Sternum	122	(3)
Long Bone Ossification	125	(7)
Epiphyses and Pseudoepiphyses	132	(6)
Cancellous Bone	138	(23)
Biology and Morphology	138	(2)
A Continuum Model Approach for Mechanically Regulated Remodeling	140	(10)
Normal Development and Adaptation of Cancellous Bone Architecture	150	(4)
Functional Adaptation Caused by Changes in Physical Activities	154	(1)
Modifications in Bone Structure by Biological Factors	155	(1)
Bone Remodeling around Implants	156	(2)
Creating a More Complete Model	158	(3)
Skeletal Tissue Regeneration	161	(40)
Biology and Mechanobiology	161	(7)
The Bone-Implant Interface	168	(4)
Fracture Healing	172	(12)
Rigid Internal Fixation	172	(4)
Nonrigid Fixation	176	(5)
Pseudarthrosis	181	(3)
Cyclic Compression Osteogenesis vs. Distraction Osteogenesis	184	(7)
Neochondrogenesis and Joint Repair	191	(10)
Articular Cartilage Development and Destruction	201	(34)
Growth and Ossification Near Joint Surfaces	201	(9)
Articular Cartilage Development and Maintenance	210	(10)
Joint Adaptation and Aging	220	(2)
Osteoarthritis	222	(13)
Mechanobiology in Skeletal Evolution	235	(30)
Bone Scaling and Developmental Mechanics	236	(10)
Scaling Influences on Joints	246	(7)
Long Bone Cross Sections in Different Taxa	253	(2)
Bony Epiphyses and Growth Plates	255	(10)
The Physical Nature of Living Things	265	(2)
Appendix A. Material Characteristics	267	(16)
Stress	267	(7)
Strain	274	(2)
Elastic Material Properties	276	(3)
Viscoelasticity and Poroelasticity	279	(4)
Bone	279	(1)
Ligament/Tendon	280	(1)
Cartilage	281	(2)
Appendix B. Structural Characteristics	283	(9)
Strength of Materials Approach	283	(4)
Experimental and Computational Stress Analysis	287	(5)
Appendix C. Failure Characteristics	292	(17)
A Simplification of Material Behavior	292	(1)
Monotonic Material Failure Criteria	292	(5)
Uniaxial Fatigue and Creep Damage	297	(3)
Multiaxial Fatigue	300	(2)
Fatigue and Strain Energy Regulation of Biology	302	(7)
Index	309