Skeleton Keys An Introduction to Human Skeletal Morphology, Development, and Analysis

by Schwartz, Jeffrey H.

• ISBN13: 9780195188592
• ISBN10: 0195188594
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-09-01
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

In Skeleton Keys: An Introduction to Human Skeletal Morphology, Development, and Analysis, Second Edition, Jeffrey H. Schwartz presents a detailed yet highly accessible introduction to the study of the human skeleton. This unique volume examines the skeleton from its developmental basis to the expression of individual variation. It reviews a variety of different approaches used to determine an individual's sex, age, and pathological history and challenges readers to think critically about how to analyze a human skeleton rather than learning formulas for quick results. An ideal text for courses in human osteology, skeletal analysis, and bioarchaeology, this book is also a helpful reference for professionals. Thoroughly revised and updated, the second edition of Skeleton Keys features: * A unique CD-ROM containing hundreds of color images of skeletons and skeletal elements--demonstrating morphology, pathology, and nonmetric variation--that can be used as classroom projections or for individual study * Coverage of the most recent developments in the field, including the molecular regulation of bone and tooth formation * Expanded studies in each area of analysis: sex, age, nonmetric variation, pathology, biodistance and bioarchaeology, and stable isotope analysis * Additional photographic images, especially in the pathology and sexing chapters * Two separate and extensively illustrated chapters on the skull, one dealing with articulated elements and one with isolated bones (these topics were covered in one chapter in the first edition) * Integration of material--such as anthropometric landmarks--from appendices in the previous edition into relevant chapters as tables * More accessible language throughout and an extensive glossary

Author Biography

Jeffrey H. Schwartz is Professor of Physical Anthropology, Professor of History and Philosophy of Science, and a Resident Fellow in the Center for the Philosophy of Science at the University of Pittsburgh. He is also Research Associate at the American Museum of Natural Hisotry and Forensic Anthropologist for the Allegheny County Medical Examiner's Office

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xiii
An Introduction to Skeletal Anatomy and the Development, Physiology, and Biochemistry of Bone	p. 1
The Terminology of Anatomical Position	p. 1
Units of the Skeleton and Their Articular Relations	p. 3
Gross Anatomy of Bone	p. 8
Osteogenesis: The Formation of Bone	p. 12
Regulation of and Abnormalities in Bone Growth	p. 18
Other Pathological Aspects of Bone Growth and Physiology	p. 22
Bone Biochemistry and Diet	p. 23
The Skull	p. 28
External Morphology	p. 31
Cranium	p. 31
Facial Skeleton	p. 37
Internal Morphology	p. 41
Skullcap	p. 41
Base of the Skull	p. 44
Nasal Cavity	p. 50
Individual Bones of the Skull	p. 53
Mandible	p. 53
Morphology	p. 53
Development and Ossification	p. 61
Maxilla	p. 62
Morphology	p. 62
Development and Ossification	p. 64
The Palatine Bone	p. 65
Morphology	p. 65
Development and Ossification	p. 66
Nasal Bone	p. 66
Morphology	p. 66
Development and Ossification	p. 67
Lacrimal Bone	p. 67
Frontal Bone	p. 68
Morphology	p. 68
Development and Ossification	p. 71
Parietal Bone	p. 72
Morphology	p. 72
Development and Ossification	p. 75
Zygoma	p. 75
Morphology	p. 75
Development and Ossification	p. 77
Vomer	p. 77
Inferior Nasal Concha	p. 77
Ethmoid	p. 78
Morphology	p. 78
Development and Ossification	p. 79
Temporal Bone	p. 79
Morphology	p. 79
Development and Ossification	p. 82
Occipital Bone	p. 84
Morphology	p. 84
Development and Ossification	p. 88
Sphenoid	p. 89
Morphology	p. 89
Development and Ossification	p. 92
Hyoid	p. 93
Inner Ear Bones	p. 93
The Postcranial Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column, Sacrum, Sternum, and Ribs	p. 96
Vertebral Column: Overview	p. 96
Morphology	p. 96
Development and Ossification	p. 99
True Vertebrae	p. 99
Morphology	p. 99
Development and Ossification	p. 102
First and Second Cervical Vertebrae	p. 105
Morphology	p. 105
Development and Ossification	p. 106
Sacrum	p. 107
Morphology	p. 107
Development and Ossification	p. 110
Coccyx	p. 110
Morphology	p. 110
Development and Ossification	p. 110
Sternum	p. 111
Morphology	p. 111
Development and Ossification	p. 112
Ribs	p. 113
Morphology	p. 113
Development and Ossification	p. 115
The Upper Limb	p. 117
Scapula	p. 117
Morphology	p. 117
Development and Ossification	p. 120
Clavicle	p. 120
Morphology	p. 120
Development and Ossification	p. 122
Humerus	p. 122
Morphology	p. 122
Development and Ossification	p. 125
Radius	p. 126
Morphology	p. 126
Development and Ossification	p. 128
Ulna	p. 129
Morphology	p. 129
Development and Ossification	p. 131
The Hand	p. 132
Carpus	p. 132
Ossification of the Carpals	p. 132
Scaphoid	p. 135
Lunate	p. 135
Triquetral	p. 136
Pisiform	p. 136
Trapezium	p. 137
Trapezoid	p. 137
Capitate	p. 138
Hamate	p. 139
Metacarpals	p. 140
Morphology	p. 140
Development and Ossification	p. 142
Phalanges	p. 144
Morphology	p. 144
Development and Ossification	p. 146
Determination of Stature from Upper Limb Bones	p. 146
The Lower Limb	p. 147
Pelvic Girdle	p. 147
Morphology	p. 147
Development and Ossification	p. 150
Femur	p. 151
Morphology	p. 151
Development and Ossification	p. 154
Patella	p. 155
Tibia	p. 155
Morphology	p. 155
Development and Ossification	p. 158
Fibula	p. 159
Morphology	p. 159
Development and Ossification	p. 161
The Foot	p. 161
Tarsus	p. 161
Morphology	p. 161
Development and Ossification	p. 162
Talus	p. 163
Calcaneus	p. 165
Navicular	p. 168
Medial Cuneiform	p. 169
Intermediate Cuneiform	p. 170
Lateral Cuneiform	p. 170
Cuboid	p. 171
Metatarsals	p. 172
Morphology	p. 172
Development and Ossification	p. 176
Phalanges	p. 176
Morphology	p. 176
Development and Ossification	p. 179
Determination of Stature from Lower Limb Bones	p. 179
Teeth	p. 181
Basic Gross Dental Anatomy	p. 181
Different Dentitions: An Overview	p. 182
Tooth Surfaces and Orientation	p. 185
Basic Nomenclature of Crown Anatomy	p. 187
Molars: An Overview	p. 187
Upper Molars	p. 189
Upper Premolars	p. 191
Upper Canine	p. 192
Upper Incisors	p. 192
Lower Molars	p. 192
Lower Premolars	p. 193
Lower Canine	p. 194
Lower Incisors	p. 194
Summary of Permanent Tooth Identification	p. 194
Incisors	p. 194
Canines	p. 195
Premolars	p. 195
Molars	p. 196
Deciduous Teeth	p. 196
Enamel: Normal and Other Features	p. 199
Supernumerary Teeth and Tooth Agenesis	p. 203
Tooth Eruption and Root Formation	p. 204
Crown Development: An Overview	p. 209
Molecular Regulation of Crown Development: A Brief Overview	p. 212
Aging	p. 215
Overview	p. 215
Childhood	p. 217
Tooth Formation Sequences: A Brief Overview	p. 217
Tooth Formation and Eruption Sequences: A Discussion	p. 220
Cranium	p. 224
Postcranium	p. 226
Juvenile Age	p. 227
Overview	p. 227
Epiphyseal Union	p. 228
Adulthood	p. 230
Public Symphysis	p. 230
Auricular Region (Ilium)	p. 238
Rib (Sternal End)	p. 244
Other Postcranial Elements	p. 247
Skull	p. 247
Age-Related Changes in Teeth	p. 250
The Complex Method of Determining Adult Age (After Acsadi and Nemeskeri, 1970)	p. 252
The Proximal Humerus: Phases of Age-Related Change	p. 253
The Proximal Femur: Phases of Age-Related Change	p. 253
The Pubic Symphysis: Phases of Age-Related Change	p. 256
Calculation of Age	p. 256
The Multifactorial Method of Determining Summary Age (After Lovejoy et al., 1985a)	p. 257
Histological Age-Related Changes in Bone	p. 258
Specimen Preparation	p. 258
Gross Histological Changes in Cortical Bone	p. 260
Detailed Histological Changes in Cortical Bone	p. 260
Differentially Expressed Morphological Character States: Nonmetric Variation, Sex Determination, Populations, and a Discussion of Biodistance Analysis	p. 264
Overview	p. 264
Considering the Bases of Nondental, Nonmetric Variation	p. 266
Dental Nonmetric Traits	p. 284
The Assessment of Skeletal Sexual Dimorphism	p. 287
Nonmetric Variation, Sexual Dimorphism, and Populations	p. 295
A Discussion of Metric Approaches to Biodistance Analysis	p. 307
Pathology: Disease, Trauma, and Stress	p. 311
Overview	p. 311
Infectious Diseases of Bone	p. 314
Joint Diseases	p. 330
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis	p. 335
Tumors	p. 337
Bone Necrosis	p. 339
Fractures and Trauma	p. 339
Infectious and Degenerative Diseases of the Jaws and Teeth	p. 347
Osteometry	p. 352
Cranial and Mandibular Measurements	p. 353
Postcranial Measurements	p. 355
Postcranial Indices	p. 362
Comparative Osteology: Human, Deer, Bear, Pig	p. 365
Glossary	p. 372
References	p. 381
Index	p. 390
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