The Skills of Helping Individuals, Families, Groups, and Communities (with The Interactive Skills of Helping CD-ROM, Engaging and Working with the Hard-to-Reach Client CD-ROM, and InfoTrac)

by Shulman, Lawrence

• ISBN13: 9780534514136
• ISBN10: 0534514138
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-07-05
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

Shulman's text introduces a model for the helping process based on an 'interactional' approach, which uses a number of theories and skills to build on the client-helper relationship. By presenting the core processes and skills in the chapters on work with individuals, Shulman shows how common elements exist across stages of helping and across different populations. These processes and skills reappear in the discussions of group, family, and community work. New copies of this text are accompanied by two CD-ROMs: one that illustrates the core skills covered in the text, and another that features video excerpts of an interactive workshop conducted by Larry Shulman.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
PART I A Model of the Helping Process	1	(52)
An Interactional Approach to Helping	2	(51)
Social Work Practice Theory	3	(1)
The Client-System Interaction	4	(5)
Underlying Assumptions in the Interactional Model	9	(8)
Assumption of Symbiosis	10	(3)
Assumption of Obstacles in the Engagement	13	(1)
The Increasing Complexity of Human Social Systems	13	(1)
Divergence in Self-Interest and Social Interest	14	(1)
Problems of Interpersonal Communication	15	(1)
Assumption of Strength for Change	16	(1)
The Social Work Profession: A Historical Perspective	17	(6)
The Roots of the Profession	18	(2)
The Function of the Social Work Profession	20	(3)
Social Work Skill and the Working Relationship	23	(3)
The Integration of Personal and Professional Selves	26	(2)
Oppression Psychology	28	(6)
The Master-Slave Paradigm	29	(1)
Indicators of Oppression	30	(2)
Alienation and Psychopathology	32	(1)
Methods of Defense Against Oppression	33	(1)
Resilience Theory	34	(8)
Developmental Psychology Theory and Research	35	(4)
Resilience and Life-Span Theory	39	(2)
Implications for Social Work Practice	41	(1)
Additional Social Work Perspectives	42	(10)
Solution-Focused Practice	42	(1)
Major Assumptions on the Nature of the Helping Relationship	43	(1)
Defining Techniques	43	(2)
Radical Social Work Practice	45	(1)
Feminist Practice	45	(3)
Social Work as Psychotherapy	48	(1)
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy	48	(4)
Chapter Summary	52	(1)
Related Online Content and Activities	52	(1)
PART II Social Work With Individuals	53	(158)
The Preliminary Phase of Work	54	(22)
Communications in Practice	55	(2)
Obstacles to Direct Communication	55	(1)
Examples of Indirect Communication in Practice	56	(1)
The Preliminary Phase: Tuning In to Self and to the Client	57	(13)
Tuning In to the Authority Theme	58	(3)
The Impact of Diversity	61	(1)
Elements of the Working Relationship	62	(3)
Affective Versus Intellectual Tuning In	65	(2)
Tuning In to One's Own Feelings	67	(1)
Different Levels of Tuning In	67	(3)
Responding Directly to Indirect Cues	70	(5)
Chapter Summary	75	(1)
Related Online Content and Activities	75	(1)
Beginnings and the Contracting Skills	76	(37)
The Dynamics of New Relationships	78	(5)
Contracting in First Sessions	83	(18)
Contracting Example	84	(2)
Some Variant Elements in Contracting	86	(1)
Research Findings on Contracting	87	(1)
Contracting Over Time	88	(2)
Contracting With Resistant Clients	90	(11)
Models for Assessment in the Beginning Phase	101	(2)
Culturally Diverse Practice	103	(8)
Working With Mexican Americans	105	(1)
Working With African Americans	105	(2)
Working With American Indians	107	(2)
Working With Canadian Indians	109	(1)
Issues in Cross-Racial Practice	109	(2)
Education and Training for Culturally Sensitive Practice	111	(1)
Chapter Summary	111	(1)
Related Online Content and Activities	112	(1)
Skills in the Work Phase	113	(65)
A Model of the Work Phase Interview	114	(1)
Work Phase Summary	115	(2)
Sessional Tuning-In Skills	117	(6)
Tuning In to the Client's Sense of Urgency	117	(2)
Tuning In to the Worker's Own Feelings	119	(1)
Tuning In to the Meaning of the Client's Struggle	120	(1)
Tuning In and the Worker's Realities of Time and Stress	121	(1)
Tuning In to the Worker's Own Life Experiences	122	(1)
Sessional Contracting Skills	123	(3)
Elaborating Skills	126	(7)
Containment	126	(1)
Moving From the General to the Specific	127	(1)
Focused Listening	128	(1)
Questioning	129	(1)
Reaching Inside of Silences	130	(3)
Empathic Skills	133	(7)
Reaching for Feelings	136	(1)
Displaying Understanding of the Client's Feelings	136	(2)
Putting the Client's Feelings Into Words	138	(1)
Research on Empathy	138	(2)
Sharing the Worker's Feelings	140	(7)
Issues in Sharing the Worker's Feelings	144	(2)
Research on Sharing Feelings	146	(1)
Making a Demand for Work	147	(7)
Partializing Client Concerns	150	(2)
Holding to Focus	152	(1)
Checking for Underlying Ambivalence	152	(1)
Challenging the Illusion of Work	153	(1)
Pointing Out Obstacles	154	(6)
Supporting Clients in Taboo Areas	155	(3)
Dealing With the Authority Theme	158	(2)
Identifying Process and Content Connections	160	(4)
Sharing Data	164	(6)
Providing Relevant Data	165	(2)
Providing Data in a Way That Is Open to Examination	167	(2)
Ethical Dilemmas in Withholding Data	169	(1)
Helping the Client See Life in New Ways	170	(1)
Sessional Ending and Transition Skills	171	(5)
Summarizing	172	(1)
Generalizing	172	(1)
Identifying the Next Steps	173	(1)
Rehearsal	174	(1)
Identifying ``Doorknob'' Communications	175	(1)
Chapter Summary	176	(1)
Related Online Content and Activities	177	(1)
Endings and Transitions	178	(33)
The Dynamics and Skills of Endings	180	(9)
Denial	181	(2)
Indirect and Direct Expressions of Anger	183	(3)
Mourning	186	(2)
Trying It On for Size	188	(1)
The Farewell-Party Syndrome	189	(1)
The Skills of Transitions	189	(9)
Identification of Major Learning	190	(2)
Identification of Areas for Future Work	192	(2)
Synthesizing the Ending Process and Content	194	(1)
Transitions to New Experiences and Support Systems	195	(3)
Variations on Endings	198	(11)
Ending a Relationship That Never Really Began	198	(3)
Endings Caused by the Termination of the Worker's Job	201	(2)
Endings Caused by the Death of the Client	203	(1)
Traumatic Events and Their Impact on a Worker's Practice	203	(1)
Suicide on a Caseload	204	(3)
Working With a Dying Client	207	(2)
Chapter Summary	209	(1)
Related Online Content and Activities	209	(2)
PART III Social Work With Families	211	(54)
Family Practice in the Social Work Context	212	(32)
Social Work With Families	213	(1)
Selected Concepts From Family Therapy Theory	214	(4)
The Two-Client Concept and the Worker's Role	218	(2)
The Beginning Phase	220	(5)
First Family Session With an Angry Father	221	(3)
Discussion of This First Family Session	224	(1)
The Middle Phase	225	(7)
Two Special Circumstances	232	(9)
Working With a Single-Parent Family	233	(1)
The Impact of Culture and Community: A White Worker and an American Indian Family	234	(7)
The Ending and Transition Phase	241	(1)
Chapter Summary	242	(1)
Related Online Content and Activities	242	(2)
Problem-Centered Family Practice	244	(21)
Agency Mandate, Client Problem, and Family Counseling	245	(1)
Hiding the Family's Secrets: Dealing With Taboo Areas	246	(1)
The Child Welfare Setting	247	(11)
Work With Foster Parents	247	(6)
Work With Children in Residential Care	253	(4)
Work With Teen Parents and Their Families of Origin	257	(1)
Family Practice in a School Setting	258	(6)
Chapter Summary	264	(1)
Related Online Content and Activities	264	(1)
PART IV Social Work With Groups	265	(230)
The Group as a Mutual-Aid System	266	(16)
The Fear-of-Groups Syndrome	268	(1)
The Dynamics of Mutual Aid	269	(10)
Sharing Data	270	(1)
The Dialectical Process	271	(1)
Discussing a Taboo Area	271	(1)
The ``All-in-the-Same-Boat'' Phenomenon	272	(1)
Developing a Universal Perspective	273	(1)
Mutual Support	274	(1)
Mutual Demand	275	(1)
Individual Problem-Solving	275	(1)
Rehearsal	276	(2)
The ``Strength-in-Numbers'' Phenomenon	278	(1)
Obstacles to Mutual Aid	279	(1)
The Function of the Group Leader	280	(1)
Chapter Summary	281	(1)
Related Online Content and Activities	281	(1)
Group Formation	282	(23)
Preparing for Group Work	283	(1)
Work With the Staff System	283	(10)
Achieving Consensus on the Service	284	(5)
Identifying Group Type and Structure	289	(2)
Group Versus Individual Work With Clients	291	(1)
Agency Support for Groups	292	(1)
Group Composition, Timing, and Structure	293	(6)
Group Member Selection	294	(2)
Group Timing	296	(2)
Group Structure, Setting, and Rules	298	(1)
Work With Prospective Members	299	(5)
Strategizing for Effective Referrals	300	(1)
Worker Skills in the Initial Interviews	301	(3)
Chapter Summary	304	(1)
Related Online Content and Activities	304	(1)
The Beginning Phase in the Group	305	(55)
The Dynamics of First Group Sessions	306	(2)
The Couples' Group: An Illustration	308	(18)
The Initial Work	308	(10)
The Work Continues	318	(5)
Ending and Transition	323	(3)
Variations on First Group Sessions	326	(17)
Working With Children and Adolescents	326	(1)
Foster Adolescents in a Child Welfare Setting	326	(1)
Setting Limits: An Adolescent Acting-Out Boys' Group	327	(2)
Impact of Authority: Involuntary Groups	329	(1)
Stages of Change Model	330	(2)
Male Batterers	332	(1)
Driving While Intoxicated (DWI)	332	(3)
Working With Specific Client Problems	335	(1)
Parents of Children With Cerebral Palsy	335	(1)
Women With MS: Crying in the First Session	335	(2)
Impact of the Setting	337	(1)
Impact of Time	338	(5)
Recontracting	343	(14)
Recontracting With One's Own Group	344	(6)
Joining an Ongoing Group	350	(7)
Coleadership in Groups	357	(2)
Chapter Summary	359	(1)
Related Online Content and Activities	359	(1)
The Work Phase in the Group	360	(23)
Sessional Contracting in the Group	361	(10)
Reaching for Individual Communication in the Group	362	(5)
Reaching for the Group Response to the Individual	367	(1)
Reaching for the Work When Obstacles Threaten	368	(1)
Teenager in a Residential Center, Raising a Difficult Subject	369	(1)
Mothers of Children Diagnosed with Hyperactivity	370	(1)
Mothers of Sixth-Grade Underachieving Boys	371	(1)
The Work Phase in a Group Session	371	(9)
Helping the Group Work Over Time	372	(5)
Focusing the Group on Problem-Solving Mutual Aid	377	(3)
Sessional Endings and Transitions	380	(2)
Chapter Summary	382	(1)
Related Online Content and Activities	382	(1)
Working With the Individual and the Group	383	(67)
The Concept of Role in a Dynamic System	384	(2)
The Scapegoat	386	(8)
A Scapegoating Example	387	(6)
Dealing With the Scapegoating Pattern	393	(1)
The Deviant Member	394	(8)
Extreme Versus Mild Deviance	395	(1)
Reaching for the Underlying Message of Deviant Behavior	396	(1)
Deviant Behavior as a Functional Role	396	(1)
Opening a Discussion of the Group's Functioning	397	(1)
Deepening a Discussion	398	(1)
The Internal Leader: Ally or Enemy?	399	(3)
The Gatekeeper	402	(1)
The Defensive Member	403	(9)
A Defensive Father in a Parents' Group	404	(1)
Denial in a Living-With-Cancer Group	405	(7)
The Quiet Member	412	(3)
Worker Strategies	412	(1)
The Member Who Is Afraid to Speak	413	(1)
The Member Who Feels Left Out	414	(1)
The Monopolizer	415	(1)
The Group as an Organism	416	(2)
Developmental Tasks for the Group	418	(30)
Dealing With the Relationship to the Worker	419	(6)
Dealing With the Relationship Among Members	425	(1)
College Student Counseling Group and the Intimacy Theme	426	(2)
Intimacy and the Relational Model	428	(8)
Developing a Culture for Work	436	(1)
Parents of Hyperactive Children: Accepting Difficult Feelings	437	(3)
Married Couples: Legitimizing the Expression of Anger	440	(1)
Married Couples: Dealing With Sexual Taboos	441	(2)
Inner-City Elementary School: The Impact of Violence in the Family	443	(1)
Residential Center for Young Men in the Criminal Justice System	444	(1)
The Impact of Ethnicity on Group Culture	444	(2)
Developing a Structure for Work	446	(2)
Chapter Summary	448	(1)
Related Online Content and Activities	449	(1)
Endings and Transitions With Groups	450	(20)
Ending and Transition Phase Summary	451	(1)
Group Illustrations	452	(12)
Patients With Multiple Sclerosis	452	(2)
Children's Group in an Elementary School	454	(2)
Male Batterers' Group	456	(2)
Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse	458	(6)
A Termination Session: The Worker Leaving the Group	464	(4)
Chapter Summary	468	(1)
Related Online Content and Activities	469	(1)
Variations in Group Practice	470	(25)
The Open-Ended Group	471	(3)
Hospital Group on a Gynecological Ward	471	(2)
Bringing a New Member Into an AIDS Group	473	(1)
The Single-Session Group	474	(3)
Information Group: Foster Parent Recruitment	475	(1)
Informal Event Group: Remembering the Holocaust	476	(1)
Activity Groups	477	(16)
Children Dealing With Their Parents' Separation and Divorce	480	(11)
Vietnamese Immigrant Women	491	(2)
Chapter Summary	493	(1)
Related Online Content and Activities	493	(2)
PART V Social Work With the System	495	(108)
Professional Impact and Helping Clients Negotiate the System	496	(44)
The Individual-System Interaction	498	(1)
Mediating the Individual-System Engagement	499	(14)
First Reactions to a System	500	(2)
Work With the School System	502	(6)
Work With a Psychiatrist in a Hospital Setting	508	(5)
Confrontation, Social Pressure, and Advocacy	513	(6)
Professional Impact on the System	519	(2)
From Individual Problems to Social Action	521	(7)
Illustrations of Agency Change	522	(1)
Hospital Emergency Room Service	522	(1)
Rehabilitation Institution for Paraplegics	523	(2)
Sexuality in a Home for the Aged	525	(1)
Social Action in the Community	525	(3)
Professional Impact and Interstaff Relationships	528	(10)
The Agency as a Social System	529	(2)
Interdisciplinary Collaboration in Work With a Client	531	(1)
Interdepartmental Communications in a Large System	532	(4)
Impact on Relations With Staff at Other Agencies	536	(2)
Chapter Summary	538	(1)
Related Online Content and Activities	539	(1)
Social Work in the Community	540	(37)
Community Practice in the Social Work Context	541	(2)
Community Organizing Philosophy and Models	543	(4)
Grassroots Community Organizing	543	(1)
Community Organizing Around a Specific Issue	544	(1)
Rurally Based Community Organization Practice	545	(1)
The Use of the Internet in Community Practice	546	(1)
The Neighborhood as Community	547	(22)
Structure and Maintenance: A Citizen's Antipoverty Action Group	548	(3)
Contracting: A Tenants' Group in Public Housing	551	(3)
Negotiating the Environment: Welfare Mothers and the Housing Agency	554	(9)
The Deviant Member: Community-Based Citizens' Advisory Board	563	(1)
Relationship to the Environment: Adolescent Peer Leaders	564	(5)
The Milieu as Community	569	(6)
Chapter Summary	575	(1)
Related Online Content and Activities	576	(1)
The Impact of the Agency, Ethics, Legislation, and Evaluation	577	(26)
Agency Records, Referral Reports, and the Agency Culture	578	(2)
Values and Ethics in Social Work Practice	580	(10)
Historical Context	581	(1)
Ethical Problems and Dilemmas	582	(1)
Factors Affecting Ethical Decision Making	583	(2)
Values and Ethics in the Professional Literature	585	(1)
Guidelines for Practice in Family and Group Work	586	(2)
The Impact of Managed Care on Ethical Practice	588	(2)
The Impact of Legislation and the Court	590	(6)
Licensing and the Social Work Profession	590	(1)
Confidentiality and Privileged Communications	590	(3)
Informed Consent	593	(1)
The Duty to Warn	594	(2)
Evaluation of Practice: Process and Outcomes	596	(6)
Process Evaluation: The Record of Service	597	(2)
Outcome Evaluation: The Single-System Research Design	599	(1)
The Scientist-Practitioner Model	600	(2)
Chapter Summary	602	(1)
Related Online Content and Activities	602	(1)
Glossary	603	(8)
References	611	(7)
Index of Case Examples	618	(5)
Name Index	623	(2)
Subject Index	625