Smart Talk Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation

by Gosselin, Denise Kindschi

• ISBN13: 9780131146969
• ISBN10: 0131146963
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2019-11-21
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

Every profession has specific philosophies and approaches to effective communication; "Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation", First Edition, was designed to pinpoint those most useful to the criminal justice profession. "Smart Talk" covers both interviewing and interrogation techniques - along with their legal considerations - in a single volume. Exploring multiple approaches to interviewing, it clearly identifies communication techniques that improve the quality and quantity of information gathered from victims, witnesses, and perpetrators. Landmark cases and field accounts bring a real world application to the book and reinforce how strong communication skills lead to more successful case investigations.Provides essential interviewing and interrogation techniques. Provides the theory, philosophy and background for each approach so readers understand what the approach is and when to use it. Addresses techniques for interviewing special populations such as children, elders, and persons with disabilities and mental illness.Law enforcement professionals.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxiii
Acknowledgments	xxv
About the Author	xxvii
PART I: LAYING THE GROUNDWORK FOR SUCCESS	1	(60)
Interviewing and Interrogation	3	(20)
Key Terms	4	(1)
Chapter Objectives	4	(1)
Introduction	4	(1)
The Nature of Interviewing	5	(5)
Victims	6	(1)
Witnesses	7	(3)
Suspects	10	(1)
The Nature of Interrogation	10	(2)
Interrogation Controversy	11	(1)
Purpose of the Interrogation	12	(1)
Personal Qualities of the Interviewer	13	(3)
Willing to Develop Rapport	15	(1)
Knowledgeable	15	(1)
Professional	16	(1)
Communicating	16	(3)
Kinesics	17	(1)
Proxemics	18	(1)
Paralanguage	19	(1)
Conclusions	19	(1)
Questions for Review	20	(1)
Short-Answer Questions	20	(1)
Fill-in Questions	20	(1)
Exercises	20	(1)
References	21	(2)
The Interview Process	23	(18)
Key Terms	24	(1)
Chapter Objectives	24	(1)
Introduction	24	(1)
Phase I: Interview Preparation	25	(5)
Case Review	26	(1)
Determine Prior Criminal Record	27	(1)
Viewing the Scene	28	(1)
Misinformation	28	(2)
Phase II: Establishment of the Psychological Content	30	(3)
When Should the Questioning Occur?	31	(1)
Where Should the Questioning Occur?	31	(1)
When in the Police Station or an Office	32	(1)
Phase III: The Questioning	33	(5)
The Order of Interviews	33	(1)
Types of Questions	34	(3)
Determining an Approach	37	(1)
Conclusions	38	(1)
Questions for Review	39	(1)
Short-Answer Questions	39	(1)
Fill-in Questions	39	(1)
Exercises	39	(1)
References	40	(1)
Purposeful Interviewing and Processes	41	(20)
Key Terms	42	(1)
Chapter Objectives	42	(1)
Introduction	42	(1)
Characteristics of Purposeful Interviewing	43	(2)
Active Listening	43	(1)
Rapport Development	44	(1)
Objectives of Purposeful Interviewing	45	(11)
The Nature of the Offense	45	(4)
Was a Crime Committed?	49	(3)
Identifying a Perpetrator	52	(2)
Making an Identification	54	(1)
Field Identification	54	(1)
Lineups	55	(1)
Assessing Accuracy of a Statement	56	(1)
Conclusions	57	(1)
Questions for Review	57	(2)
Short-Answer Questions	57	(1)
Fill-in Questions	58	(1)
Exercises	58	(1)
References	59	(2)
PART II: METHODS AND TECHNIQUES	61	(66)
Traditional, Structural, and Inferential Interviewing with Statement Analysis Techniques	63	(22)
Key Terms	64	(1)
Chapter Objectives	64	(1)
Introduction	64	(1)
Identifying the Sources	65	(1)
Guidelines for the Traditional Interviewing Approach	66	(5)
What?	67	(1)
Who?	68	(1)
When?	68	(1)
Where?	69	(1)
Why?	69	(2)
How?	71	(1)
What Is Structural Interviewing?	71	(1)
Steps for Structural Interviewing	72	(2)
Step One: Build Rapport	72	(1)
Step Two: Encourage Participation	72	(1)
Step Three: Review the Statement	73	(1)
Inferential Interviewing	74	(2)
Statement Coherence	74	(1)
Response Length	74	(1)
Type-Token Ratio	75	(1)
Verbal Hedging	75	(1)
Statement Analysis	76	(1)
Conducting Statement Analysis	76	(4)
Step One: Parts of Speech	76	(3)
Step Two: Extraneous Information	79	(1)
Step Three: Lack of Conviction	80	(1)
Step Four: Balance of the Statement	80	(1)
Field Statement Analysis	80	(1)
Conclusions	81	(1)
Questions for Review	82	(1)
Short-Answer Questions	82	(1)
Fill-in Questions	82	(1)
Exercises	83	(1)
References	83	(2)
Forensic Hypnosis and Cognitive Interviewing	85	(22)
Key Terms	86	(1)
Chapter Objectives	86	(1)
Introduction	86	(1)
What Is Hypnosis?	87	(1)
Forensic Hypnosis Interviewing Methods	87	(4)
Guidelines for the Use of Forensic Hypnosis	88	(1)
Preparing for the Hypnotic Session	89	(1)
Induction Phase	89	(1)
Narrative Phase	90	(1)
Closure Phase	91	(1)
Recall Phase	91	(1)
Challenges to Hypnotic Memory Retrieval	91	(2)
Confabulation	92	(1)
Faking	92	(1)
Memory Hardening and Suggestibility	92	(1)
Hypnosis Evidence in Court	93	(1)
What Is Cognitive Interviewing?	94	(1)
Cognitive Interviewing Techniques	95	(4)
Mnemonics	96	(1)
Reconstruction Technique	97	(1)
Reporting-Everything Technique	98	(1)
Changing the Order of Events	98	(1)
Changing the Perspective	98	(1)
Additional Memory-Jogging Techniques	98	(1)
Steps of the Cognitive Interview Method	99	(2)
Step One: Meet and Greet	99	(1)
Step Two: Narrative Phases	100	(1)
Step Three: Extensive Recall through Mnemonics	101	(1)
Step Four: Summary and Closure	101	(1)
Challenges to Memory Retrieval	101	(2)
Contamination	102	(1)
Emotion	103	(1)
Scripting	103	(1)
Conclusions	103	(1)
Questions for Review	104	(1)
Short-Answer Questions	104	(1)
Fill-in Questions	104	(1)
Exercises	105	(1)
References	105	(2)
Behavioral Interviewing Techniques	107	(20)
Key Terms	108	(1)
Chapter Objectives	108	(1)
Introduction	108	(1)
What Is Behavioral Interviewing?	109	(2)
Kinesics	109	(1)
Neurolinguistic Programming	110	(1)
Cultural and Personal Considerations	111	(1)
Emotions and Observable Behaviors	112	(4)
Facial Expression	112	(2)
Body Posture	114	(2)
Eye Movement	116	(4)
The Visual Right-Handed Person	117	(1)
The Auditory Right-Handed Person	118	(1)
The Kinesthetic Right-Handed Person	119	(1)
Sensory Verbal Communication	120	(1)
Qualifiers, Hedging, and Manipulators	121	(1)
Detecting Deceit	122	(2)
Conclusions	124	(1)
Questions for Review	124	(1)
Short-Answer Questions	124	(1)
Fill-in Questions	124	(1)
Exercises	125	(1)
References	125	(2)
PART III: Interviewing Special Populations	127	(72)
Interviewing Children	129	(28)
Key Terms	130	(1)
Chapter Objectives	130	(1)
Introduction	130	(1)
Child Developmental Stages	131	(2)
Age-Related Limitations on Reporting	132	(1)
Field Assessment	133	(1)
Initial Considerations for Child Interviews	134	(5)
Step 1: Risk Assessment	134	(1)
Step 2: Models for Evaluating Abuse	135	(1)
Step 3: Preliminary Considerations	136	(1)
Step 4: Remaining Neutral	137	(2)
What Is the Forensic Approach to Child Interviewing?	139	(1)
Forensic Interviewing Techniques	140	(3)
Phase I: Caretaker Instructions	140	(1)
Phase II: Evaluation	141	(1)
Phase III: Preparing the Child	141	(1)
Phase IV: Establishing Rapport	142	(1)
Phase V: Conducting the Interview	142	(1)
What Is the Cognitive Approach to Interviewing Children?	143	(1)
Cognitive Interviewing Techniques	143	(4)
Caretaker Instructions	144	(1)
Practice Interview	144	(1)
Establishing Rapport: Cognitive Interview Step 1	144	(1)
Reconstructing and Reporting Everything: Cognitive Interview Step 2	145	(1)
Changing the Order and Perspective: Cognitive Interview Step 3	146	(1)
The Child as Reporter	147	(1)
Accuracy	147	(1)
Memory and Fantasy	148	(1)
The Child as Victim	148	(2)
Tools for Interviewing Children	149	(1)
Bolstering Credibility through Evidence	150	(2)
Determining Competency and Reliability	152	(1)
Conclusions	153	(1)
Questions for Review	153	(2)
Short-Answer Questions	153	(1)
Fill-in Questions	154	(1)
Exercises	154	(1)
References	155	(2)
Interviewing the Elderly	157	(20)
Key Terms	158	(1)
Chapter Objectives	158	(1)
Introduction	158	(1)
Crimes Targeting the Elderly	159	(3)
Domestic Violence	159	(2)
Fiduciary Abuse	161	(1)
Initial Considerations When Questioning the Older Person	162	(3)
The Pre-Interview	162	(3)
Case Credibility	165	(1)
Conducting the Interview	165	(2)
Step 1: Preparing for the Interview	165	(1)
Step 2: Establishing Rapport	166	(1)
Step 3: Conducting the Interview	166	(1)
Step 4: Ending the Interview	167	(1)
Step 5: Following Up	167	(1)
Empowering the Elderly Victim	167	(1)
The Elderly as Witnesses	168	(4)
Physical Limitations	169	(1)
Cognitive Limitations	170	(1)
Concerns Due to Dependence	171	(1)
Interdisciplinary Interviewing	172	(1)
Mandatory Elder Abuse Reporting	172	(1)
Crime Perpetrated by the Elderly	173	(1)
Conclusions	173	(1)
Questions for Review	174	(1)
Short-Answer Questions	174	(1)
Fill-in Questions	174	(1)
Exercises	174	(1)
References	175	(2)
Interviewing Persons with Disabilities or Mental Illness	177	(22)
Key Terms	178	(1)
Chapter Objectives	178	(1)
Introduction	178	(1)
The Americans with Disabilities Act	179	(2)
Accommodations for Interviewing	180	(1)
Police Liability under the ADA	180	(1)
Initial Considerations	181	(2)
Identifying When Special Care Is Necessary	183	(4)
Mental Retardation	184	(1)
Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder	184	(1)
Autism	185	(1)
Mental Illness	185	(1)
Personality Disorders	186	(1)
Field Evaluation	187	(1)
Interview Considerations	188	(2)
Legal Issues	189	(1)
Preparing for the Interview	190	(3)
Establishing Rapport	191	(1)
Conducting the Interview	191	(2)
Interrogation Considerations	193	(2)
Miranda Rights	193	(1)
False Confessions	194	(1)
Conclusions	195	(1)
Questions for Review	196	(1)
Short-Answer Questions	196	(1)
Fill-in Questions	196	(1)
Exercises	197	(1)
References	197	(2)
PART IV: Interrogation	199	(95)
The Interrogation Process and the Law	201	(22)
Key Terms	202	(1)
Chapter Objectives	202	(1)
Introduction	202	(1)
Fifth Amendment Considerations	203	(1)
The Miranda Standard	204	(5)
When Are the Miranda Warnings Required?	205	(1)
When Is a Waiver of Miranda Rights Valid?	206	(2)
Right to Counsel under Miranda	208	(1)
Sixth Amendment Considerations	209	(1)
Fourteenth Amendment Considerations	210	(4)
The Exclusionary Rule	210	(4)
Fourth Amendment Considerations	214	(4)
Probable Cause	215	(3)
Conclusions	218	(1)
Questions for Review	219	(2)
Short-Answer Questions	219	(1)
Fill-in Questions	219	(1)
Exercises	220	(1)
References	221	(2)
Confessions	223	(26)
Key Terms	224	(1)
Chapter Objectives	224	(1)
Introduction	224	(1)
What Is an Interrogation?	225	(1)
Since Miranda	226	(6)
Who Is Likely to Conduct Interrogations?	227	(2)
Who Is Likely to Waive Rights per Miranda?	229	(1)
Why Do People Waive Their Rights?	230	(1)
Why Do Suspects Confess?	231	(1)
Does a Waiver Affect the Case?	231	(1)
False Confessions	232	(2)
Improving Interrogations	233	(1)
What Is Not an Interrogation?	234	(3)
Subtle Compulsion	235	(1)
Traffic Stop	235	(1)
Sobriety Testing	235	(1)
A Stop and Frisk	236	(1)
Interrogation Tactics	237	(1)
Case-Specific Methods of Interrogation	238	(6)
Child Pornography Cases	238	(2)
Child Sexual Assault	240	(1)
Hate Crimes	241	(1)
Homicide	242	(1)
Sexual Assault Cases	243	(1)
Truth and Consequences	244	(1)
Conclusions	245	(1)
Questions for Review	245	(1)
Short-Answer Questions	245	(1)
Fill-in Questions	245	(1)
Exercises	246	(1)
References	246	(3)
Techniques for Interrogation	249	(26)
Key Terms	250	(1)
Chapter Objectives	250	(1)
Introduction	250	(1)
Purpose of the Interrogation	251	(1)
Interrogation Approach	252	(4)
Noncustodial Interrogation Situation	254	(1)
Custodial Interrogation Situation	255	(1)
Confession-Eliciting Models	256	(1)
Interrogation Phase I: Preparing	257	(6)
Step One: Know the Case	258	(1)
Step Two: Determine the Prior Record	258	(1)
Step Three: View the Scene	259	(1)
Step Four: Establish the Timing	260	(2)
Step Five: Determine Who Will Interrogate	262	(1)
Interrogation Phase II: Developing Outcome-Based Tactics	263	(6)
Tactic #1. Appealing to the Suspect's Self-Interest	263	(1)
Tactic #2. Confronting the Suspect with Evidence of Guilt	264	(1)
Tactic #3. Undermining the Suspect's Confidence in His or Her Denials	265	(1)
Tactic #4. Identifying Contradictions in the Suspect's Alibi or Story	265	(1)
Tactic #5. Asking Specific ``Behavioral Analysis'' Interview Questions	266	(1)
Tactic #6. Appealing to the Importance of Cooperating	267	(1)
Tactic #7. Offering Moral Justifications and Face-Saving Excuses	267	(1)
Tactic #8. Confronting the Suspect with False Evidence of Guilt	267	(1)
Tactic #9. Praising or Flattering the Suspect	268	(1)
Tactic #10. Appealing to the Detective's Expertise and Authority	268	(1)
Interrogation Phase III: Getting the Confession	269	(3)
Step One: Make the Claim	269	(1)
Step Two: Lock it in	269	(3)
Conclusions	272	(1)
Questions for Review	272	(2)
Short-Answer Questions	272	(1)
Fill-in Questions	273	(1)
Exercises	273	(1)
References	274	(1)
Juvenile Rights and Police Responsibilities	275	(19)
Key Terms	276	(1)
Chapter Objectives	276	(1)
Introduction	276	(1)
What Is a Juvenile?	277	(1)
Age of Criminal Responsibility	277	(1)
Juvenile Offending	278	(1)
Juvenile Delinquency	279	(1)
Due Process and the Juvenile	279	(2)
Questioning a Juvenile Not in Custody	281	(3)
Interrogation Methods	282	(2)
Questioning a Juvenile in Custody	284	(1)
Temporary Custody and Juveniles	285	(1)
Fourth Amendment Considerations	285	(1)
Fifth Amendment Considerations	286	(1)
The Right to Counsel	286	(1)
Juvenile Confession Admissibility	287	(1)
Specific Crime Categories	288	(4)
Juvenile Firesetting	288	(2)
Sexual Offending	290	(2)
Conclusions	292	(1)
Questions for Review	292	(2)
Short-Answer Questions	292	(1)
Fill-in Questions	293	(1)
Exercises	293	(1)
References	294