Smart Technologies

by Worden, K.; Bullough, William A.; Haywood, J.

• ISBN13: 9789810247768
• ISBN10: 9810247761
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-06-01
• Publisher: WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUB CO INC

Summary

This book is a general introduction to intelligent or smart materials, systems and machines. Presented in understandable and non-mathematical terms, it is for anyone who is interested in future developments in these fields or who needs to be briefed on the current status of these interdisciplinary technologies. The intended audience comprises physicists, engineers, materials scientists and computer scientists of all levels, from undergraduates to post-doctoral practitioners.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. v
The Smart Approach--An Introduction to Smart Technologies	p. 1
What Constitutes a Smart Technology?	p. 1
Application of Smart Technologies	p. 2
An Interdisciplinary Field	p. 2
Sensing Systems for Smart Structures	p. 7
Introduction	p. 7
Sensor Requirements in Smart Systems	p. 8
Sensor Technologies for Smart Systems	p. 11
The Options	p. 11
Using Conventional Sensors	p. 13
New Technologies--Fibre Optic Sensors	p. 15
MEMS	p. 24
Piezoceramics and Piezoelectric Polymers	p. 30
Film Technologies: Coatings and Threads	p. 31
Conclusions	p. 34
Vibration Control Using Smart Structures	p. 37
Introduction	p. 37
The Dynamics of Structures	p. 39
Modal Analysis of Structures	p. 40
Sensors and Actuators	p. 42
Active Control of Structures	p. 45
Modal Control	p. 46
Adding Damping--Derivative Feedback	p. 48
Positive Position Feedback	p. 48
Other Controllers	p. 50
Examples of Vibration Control	p. 50
A Cantilever Beam	p. 52
A Slewing Beam	p. 55
A Slewing Frame	p. 57
Antenna	p. 61
Plate Example	p. 64
Conclusions	p. 68
Bibliography	p. 69
Data Fusion--The Role of Signal Processing for Smart Structures and Systems	p. 71
Introduction	p. 71
Sensors	p. 73
Sensor Fusion	p. 76
The JDL Model	p. 80
The Boyd Model	p. 82
The Waterfall Model	p. 84
The Omnibus Model	p. 85
The Relevance of Data Fusion for Smart Structures	p. 86
Case Study: Fault Detection Based on Lamb Wave Scattering	p. 88
Lamb Waves	p. 88
Novelty Detection	p. 90
Results	p. 92
Sensor Optimisation, Validation and Failure-Safety	p. 94
Optimal Sensor Distributions	p. 94
Failure-Safe Distributions	p. 98
Conclusions	p. 100
The Multi-Layer Perceptron	p. 101
Bibliography	p. 105
Shape Memory Alloys--A Smart Technology?	p. 109
Introduction	p. 109
Structural Origins of Shape Memory	p. 111
One-Way Shape Memory	p. 111
Two-Way Memory Effect	p. 113
Pseudoelasticity or the Superelastic Effect	p. 114
A Brief History of Memory Alloys and their Application	p. 115
Why Not Use Bimetals?	p. 118
Types of Shape Memory Alloy	p. 118
Nickel Titanium Shape Memory Alloys	p. 119
Background	p. 119
Mechanical Behaviour	p. 119
Corrosion Characteristics	p. 121
Ternary Additions	p. 121
Summary of Mechanical and Physical Properties	p. 122
NiTi Shape Memory Alloys in Smart Applications	p. 122
Shape Memory Alloys as Smart Actuators	p. 125
Political Factors	p. 126
Economic Forces	p. 126
Social Forces	p. 127
Technological Forces	p. 128
Shape Memory Alloys and their Fit to Smart Technologies	p. 128
Shape Memory Alloys--A Smart Material?	p. 128
Shape Memory Alloys in Smart Structures	p. 129
Passive Composite Structures	p. 130
Structural Shape Control	p. 131
Vibration Control	p. 132
Buckling Control	p. 133
Acoustic Radiation	p. 133
Active Damage Control	p. 134
Final Thoughts	p. 135
Bibliography	p. 137
Piezoelectric Materials	p. 141
Introduction to Piezoelectricity	p. 141
Crystallography of Piezoelectricity	p. 142
The Interaction Between Mechanical and Electrical Systems	p. 144
Some Piezoelectric Materials	p. 145
Applications of the Direct Piezoelectric Effect	p. 147
Acoustic Transducers	p. 149
Piezoelectric Actuators	p. 149
Bimorphs and Other Bending Piezo-Actuators	p. 150
Monolithic Actuators	p. 152
Moonies and Cymbals	p. 153
Stack and Multi-Layer Actuators	p. 156
Multi-Layer Characteristics	p. 157
Dynamic Characteristics of Multi-Layers	p. 158
The Problem of Amplification	p. 161
Mechanical Amplification	p. 162
The Summation of Multiple Small Steps	p. 163
The Impact Technique	p. 166
Further Application Examples	p. 167
Bibliography	p. 169
Magnetostriction	p. 171
Introduction	p. 171
Background	p. 172
Rare Earth Intermetallics	p. 175
Actuation	p. 182
Generic Actuators	p. 182
Magnetostrictive Motors	p. 184
Sonic and Ultrasonic Emission	p. 186
Vibration Control and Absorbers	p. 187
Conclusions	p. 189
Bibliography	p. 191
Smart Fluid Machines	p. 193
Introduction	p. 193
Concepts and Philosophy	p. 193
More Philosophy	p. 201
The Strictor Driven-Hydraulic Valve	p. 203
Electrostructured Fluids	p. 203
Performance Prediction	p. 206
Applications	p. 213
Bibliography	p. 219
Smart Biomaterials--"Out-Smarting" the Body's Defense Systems and Other Advances in Materials for Medicine	p. 221
Introduction	p. 221
Dumb Biomaterials--The First Generation	p. 226
Planning and Refinement--Second Generation Biomaterials	p. 229
Calcium Phosphate Ceramics	p. 231
Bioactive Glasses	p. 233
Smart Surfaces Tailored for Specific Applications--Third Generation Biomaterials	p. 235
Materials-Tissue Interface	p. 235
Functionalised Surfaces	p. 237
Biologically Modified Surfaces	p. 239
Bacterial Adhesion	p. 240
Bone Bonding	p. 241
Blood Compatible Surfaces	p. 241
Really Smart Biomaterials--The Next Generation	p. 242
Conclusions	p. 244
Bibliography	p. 247
Natural Engineering--The Smart Synergy	p. 249
Introduction	p. 249
Intelligent Biomimetics	p. 250
Sensory Mechanisms	p. 250
Arthropod Mechano-Receptors	p. 250
Vertebrate Sensors	p. 259
Integration and Coding	p. 261
Actuation	p. 261
Skin	p. 261
Deployable Structures	p. 263
Implementation	p. 264
Liquid Crystals	p. 264
Conclusions	p. 268
Bibliography	p. 269
Table of Contents provided by Rittenhouse. All Rights Reserved.