Smith, Currie & Hancock LLP's Common Sense Construction Law : A Practical Guide for the Construction Professional, 2nd Edition

by General Editor: Robert B. Ansley; General Editor: Thomas J. Kelleher (Smith, Currie &; Hancock LLP); General Editor: Anthony D. Lehman

• ISBN13: 9780471390909
• ISBN10: 0471390909
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-01-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Construction law is an extremely confusing element and a constant concern of any construction or contracting firm.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxv
Smith, Currie & Hancock LLP---A Firm Concentrating Its Practice in Construction Law, Labor and Employment Law, and Government Contracts	xxvii
Bidding on the Contract	1	(33)
Introduction	1	(1)
General Considerations in Bidding on Public Contracts	1	(1)
Award to the ``Low Bidder''	1	(2)
The ``Responsible'' Bidder	3	(2)
The ``Responsive'' Bidder	5	(5)
General Considerations in Bidding on Private Contracts	10	(1)
Contractor Bid Mistakes	10	(1)
Elements for Relief from a Bid Mistake	11	(2)
Owner's Duty If Bid Mistake Is Suspected	13	(1)
Withdrawal versus Reformation of Mistake in Bid	14	(1)
Bid Protests	15	(1)
Protest on a Federal Project	16	(1)
Protests to the GAO (Comptroller General)	16	(3)
Protests to the Contracting Agency	19	(2)
Bid Protests in Court	21	(2)
Bid Protests on State and Local Contracts	23	(1)
Bid Bonds	23	(2)
``Bid Shopping'' and the Obligation of the Prime Contractor to the Subcontractor with the Lowest Price	25	(2)
Holding Subcontractors to Their Bids to Prime Contractors	27	(1)
Doctrine of Promissory Estoppel	28	(1)
Elements of the Doctrine of Promissory Estoppel	29	(1)
Clear and Definite Offer	29	(1)
Subcontractor Expects Reliance	30	(1)
General Contractor's Reliance Is Reasonable	30	(1)
Problems with the Statute of Frauds	31	(1)
Damages	31	(3)
Points to Remember	32	(2)
Interpreting the Contract	34	(11)
The Importance of Contract Interpretation	34	(1)
What Is a ``Contract''?	34	(1)
The Goal of Contract Interpretation	35	(1)
Defining Contract Terms	35	(1)
Terms Defined by the Parties	35	(1)
Technical Terms	36	(1)
Generally Accepted Definitions	36	(1)
Interpreting the Language of the Contract	36	(1)
The Contract Must Be Considered as a Whole	36	(1)
Order of Precedence	36	(1)
The Facts and Circumstances Surrounding Contract Formation	37	(1)
Discussions and Conduct	37	(1)
The Parties' Prior Dealings	38	(1)
Custom and Usages in the Industry	39	(1)
Resolving Ambiguities	39	(1)
Construction against the Drafter	40	(1)
Duty to Request Clarification	40	(1)
Implied Contract Obligations	41	(1)
Duty to Cooperate	41	(1)
Warranty of Plans and Specifications	42	(3)
Points to Rememeber	44	(1)
The Uniform Commercial Code and the Construction Industry	45	(15)
The Uniform Commercial Code	45	(1)
Applicability of the UCC to Construction	45	(2)
Modifying UCC Obligations	47	(1)
Contract Formation under the UCC	47	(1)
Total Agreement on All Terms and Conditions Is Not Required	47	(1)
The Requirement for a Written Contract	48	(1)
Withdrawal of an Offer	48	(1)
Filling Gaps in Essential Contract Terms	49	(1)
Warranties under the UCC	50	(1)
Warranty Disclaimers	50	(1)
Statute of Limitations and Commencement of the Warranty Period	51	(1)
Dealing with the Other Party's Insolvency	52	(1)
Risk of Loss	53	(1)
Inspection of the Goods	54	(1)
Rejection of Goods	55	(1)
Acceptance and Notice of Breach	55	(1)
Anticipatory Repudiation/Adequate Assurance of Performance	56	(1)
Excuse of Seller's Performance by Failure of Presupposed Conditions	57	(1)
Buyer's Remedies	58	(1)
Seller's Remedies	58	(2)
Points to Remember	59	(1)
The Authority and Responsibility of the Architect/Engineer	60	(29)
Standard of Care and Professional Responsibility	60	(2)
The Authority of the Design Professional	62	(1)
Actual Authority	62	(1)
Implied Authority	63	(1)
Apparent Authority	63	(2)
Ratification of the Design Professional's Agency Authority	65	(1)
Supervisory and Administrative Functions of the Design Professional	65	(1)
Interpretation of the Plans and Specifications	66	(2)
Review and Approval of Shop Drawings and Submittals	68	(2)
Inspection	70	(3)
Issuance of Certificates of Progress or Certificates of Completion	73	(2)
Resolution of Disputes between the Owner and the Contractor	75	(2)
Other Duties of the Design Professional	77	(1)
The Design Professional's Liability to the Contractor	78	(1)
Negligence and the ``Economic Loss Rule''	78	(3)
Intentional Torts	81	(1)
Third-Party-Beneficiary Theory	82	(1)
Statutes of Respose	83	(1)
Assumption of Design Liability by the Contractor	84	(5)
Points to Remember	87	(2)
Subcontract Administration and Dispute Avoidance	89	(34)
Dispute Avoidance Begins at the Bidding Stage	89	(1)
The Importance of the Low Price	89	(1)
Know with Whom You Are Dealing	90	(1)
Reputation	90	(1)
Financial Resources	90	(1)
Experience and Qualifications	91	(1)
Union versus Nonunion Status	91	(1)
Problem Areas in Subcontract Bidding	92	(1)
Enforcement of Subcontractor Bids	93	(1)
Subcontractor Rights against the Prime Contractor	93	(1)
Preparation of the Subcontract Agreement	94	(1)
``Flow-Down'' Obligations	95	(1)
Scope of the Work	95	(2)
Payment Obligations	97	(1)
The Case against the Paid-When-Paid Clause	97	(1)
The Case for the Paid-When-Paid Clause	98	(2)
Changes to the Payment Terms Must Also Account for the Surety	100	(1)
Subcontractor Default Clause	100	(1)
The Right to Terminate	100	(1)
The AIA Documents	100	(1)
Implied Termination Rights	101	(1)
Alternatives to Termination	101	(1)
Termination for Convenience	101	(1)
Consequences of Improper Termination	101	(1)
Termination for Convenience Clauses	101	(1)
Limits to Termination for Convenience Rights	102	(1)
Considerations in Drafting Subcontract Default Clause	102	(2)
No Damages for Delay, Except as Paid by the Owner	104	(1)
Changes	104	(2)
Subcontractor's Indemnification of the Contractor	106	(2)
Labor Affiliation	108	(1)
Disputes Procedures	109	(1)
Arbitration Considerations	109	(1)
Disputes Clause Checklist	109	(2)
Federal Government Projects	111	(1)
Should Subcontractors Be Bonded?	111	(2)
Dispute Avoidance by Diligent Project Administration	113	(1)
General Contractor's Duty to Coordinate the Work	113	(1)
Implied Duty to Cooperate	113	(1)
Implied Duty to Coordinate	114	(1)
Limitation of Liability	114	(1)
Pay Applications and Partial Lien Waivers	115	(1)
Prime Contractor Financing of Subcontractors	116	(1)
Remedies for Defective Performance	116	(1)
Remedies for Delayed Performance	117	(1)
Relationship between Subcontractor and the Owner---May the Prime Contractor Assert the Subcontractor's Rights against the Owner?	118	(1)
The Prime Must Be Liable to the Subcontractor for the Pass-Through Claim---The Severin Rule	119	(1)
States Have Adopted the Severin Rule	120	(1)
Conclusion	120	(3)
Points to Remember	121	(2)
Contract Changes	123	(19)
What Is a Changes Clause?	123	(1)
Recovery under the Changes Clause	124	(1)
Is There Changed or Extra Work?	125	(1)
Who Is Authorized to Order Changes?	126	(1)
Implied Authority	127	(1)
Apparent Authority	127	(1)
Ratification by the Owner	128	(1)
Summary	128	(1)
When Are Written Change Orders Required for Extra Work?	128	(3)
When Is Written Notice of a Claim for Additional Compensation Resulting from Extra Work Required?	131	(1)
``Constructive Changes''	132	(1)
Defective Plans and Specifications	133	(1)
Misinterpretation of Plans and Specifications by the Owner	134	(1)
Acceleration	135	(1)
``Cardinal Changes''	136	(2)
Impact Costs for Numerous Changes Made During the Project	138	(1)
Impossibility/Impracticability	139	(3)
Points to Remember	141	(1)
Differing Site Conditions	142	(21)
Differing Site Condition Defined	142	(1)
Responsibility for Differing Site Conditions	142	(1)
Standard Differing Site Conditions Clauses	143	(1)
Federal Government	144	(1)
Other Standard Forms	144	(3)
Types of Conditions Covered	147	(1)
Type I and Type II Changed Conditions	147	(1)
Notice Requirements	147	(1)
Operation of the Differing Site Conditions Clause	148	(1)
Recovery for a Type I Changed Condition	148	(3)
Recovery for a Type II Changed Condition	151	(3)
Stumbling Blocks to Recovery	154	(1)
Site Investigations	154	(1)
Exculpatory Clauses	155	(1)
Notice Requirements	156	(1)
Record-Keeping Requirements: Proving Damages	157	(1)
Relief in the Absence of a Contract Provision	158	(1)
Misrepresentation	158	(1)
Duty to Disclose	159	(1)
Breach of Implied Warranty	160	(1)
Mutual Mistake	160	(3)
Points to Remember	160	(3)
Delays	163	(18)
The Nature of Delay Claims	163	(1)
Contract Time	164	(1)
Time Is of the Essence	164	(1)
Contract Commencement and Completion Date(s)	164	(1)
Substantial Completion	165	(1)
Excusable Delays versus Nonexcusable Delays	165	(1)
Excusable Delays	165	(1)
Compensable Excusable Delays	166	(1)
Typical Causes of Delay	166	(1)
Compensable Delays	166	(1)
Defective Drawings or Specifications	166	(1)
Failure to Provide Access	167	(1)
Improper Site Preparation	167	(1)
Failure to Supply Materials or Labor	167	(1)
Failure to Provide Plans/Approve Shop Drawings	167	(1)
Failure to Coordinate Prime Contractors	168	(1)
Failure to Give Timely Orders for Work	168	(1)
Failure to Make Timely Payments to Contractors	168	(1)
Failure to Inspect	168	(1)
Suspensions	168	(1)
Excessive Change Orders	169	(1)
Failure to Accept Completed Work	169	(1)
Acceleration	169	(1)
Noncompensable Excusable Delays	170	(1)
Weather	170	(1)
Acts of God	170	(1)
Labor Problems	170	(1)
Concurrent Delay	171	(1)
Early View---No Recovery by Either Party	171	(1)
Modern Trend---Apportionment of Delay Damages	171	(1)
The Claims Process	172	(1)
Contractual Prerequisites	172	(1)
Requirement of Notice	172	(1)
Rights and Remedies	172	(1)
Extra Time	172	(1)
Delay Damages	173	(1)
No-Damages-for-Delay Clauses	173	(1)
Contractor Damages	174	(1)
Owner Damages	175	(1)
Delay Claims Analyses	176	(5)
Points to Remember	177	(4)
Inspection, Acceptance, and Warranties	181	(21)
Inspection	182	(1)
Introduction	182	(1)
Standard Inspection Clauses	182	(2)
Costs of Inspection	184	(1)
The Owner's Right to Inspect	184	(1)
The Right, Not the Duty	184	(1)
Scope of Inspection	185	(1)
Rejection and Correction	186	(1)
Limitation on Owner's Inspections	187	(1)
Authority	187	(1)
Higher Standards of Performance	188	(1)
Rejecting Acceptable Work	188	(1)
Delay and Disruption	189	(1)
Inspection by the Architect/Engineer/Inspector	190	(1)
Inspection by the Contractor	191	(1)
Acceptance	192	(1)
Generally	192	(1)
Types of Acceptance: Formal versus Constructive	192	(2)
Authority as an Element of Constructive Acceptance	194	(1)
Limitations on the Finality of Acceptance	194	(1)
Contract Provisions Related to the Finality of Acceptance	195	(1)
Substantial Completion	196	(1)
Contractual Warranties	197	(1)
Express Warranties	197	(1)
Implied Warranties	198	(1)
The Owner's Warranty of the Adequacy of the Plans and Specifications	198	(1)
Contractor's Implied Warranties	199	(3)
Points to Remember	199	(3)
Management Techniques to Avoid Disputes	202	(33)
The Ever-Present Risk of Disputes in Construction	202	(1)
Involving Reputable and Reliable Participants in the Project	202	(3)
Defining Rights, Responsibilities, and Risks: The Parties and Their Contracts	205	(1)
Contract Framework	205	(1)
Standard Contract Forms and Key Contract Provisions	206	(1)
Avoiding and Preparing for Disputes through Proper Management and Documentation	207	(1)
Prudent and Responsible Estimating	207	(1)
Establishing Standard Operating Procedures	208	(1)
Establishing Lines of Communication	208	(1)
Project Documentation	209	(4)
Cost-Accounting Records	213	(1)
Monitoring the Work through Scheduling	214	(1)
Conclusion	215	(20)
Points to Remember	215	(2)
Appendix	217	(18)
Payment Bond Claims	235	(11)
Payment Bond Claims	235	(1)
When Payment Bonds Are Required by Statute	235	(2)
Who May Claim under a Payment Bond	237	(2)
What Work Qualifies for Payment Bond Coverage	239	(2)
Recovery under Payment Bonds for Extra Work or Delay Costs	241	(1)
The Effect of Payment Bonds on Lien Rights	242	(1)
The Surety's Defenses to Payment Bond Liability	242	(1)
Time of Notice	243	(1)
Time of Lawsuit	243	(1)
Misrepresented Status of Payments	244	(2)
Points to Remember	245	(1)
Performance Bonds and Termination	246	(22)
Performance Bonds	247	(1)
Fundamentals of Suretyship	247	(1)
Performance Bonds Are Not Insurance Policies	247	(1)
Indemnification---The Bottom Line	248	(1)
``Common Law'' versus ``Statutory'' Bonds	248	(1)
The Surety's Obligations	249	(1)
Extension of Performance Bond Surety's Liability to Third Parties	249	(1)
Increase of the Surety's Liability under a Performance Bond	250	(2)
The Surety's Defenses to Performance Bond Liability	252	(2)
Surety Entitlement to Contract Funds	254	(1)
The Effect on the Surety of Arbitration of Construction Disputes	255	(1)
Terminations	256	(1)
Overview	256	(1)
Termination for Default	256	(2)
Grounds for Default Termination	258	(1)
Refusal or Failure to Prosecute the Work	258	(1)
Failure to Complete on Time	258	(1)
Repudiation by Contractor	259	(1)
Failure to Comply with Other Provisions of the Contract	260	(1)
Defenses of the Contractor	260	(1)
Excusable Delay	260	(1)
Waiver by the Owner	260	(1)
Contractor Response to Termination Notices	261	(2)
Remedies of the Owner	263	(1)
Reprocurement Costs	263	(1)
Delay Damages	264	(1)
Termination for Convenience	264	(1)
Convenience Termination Costs	265	(3)
Points to Remember	266	(2)
Proving Costs and Damages	268	(23)
Basic Damage Principles	268	(1)
The Compensatory Nature of Damages	268	(1)
Categories of Damages	269	(1)
Direct Damages	269	(1)
Consequential Damages	269	(2)
Punitive Damages	271	(1)
Causation	271	(1)
Cost-Accounting Records	272	(1)
Mitigation of Damages	272	(1)
Betterment	272	(1)
Methods of Pricing Claims	273	(1)
The Total Cost Method	273	(1)
Segregated Cost Method	274	(1)
The Modified Total Cost Method	275	(1)
Quantum Meruit Claims	275	(1)
The Contractor's Damages	276	(1)
Contract Changes and Extras	276	(1)
Wrongful Termination or Abandonment	277	(1)
Owner-Caused Delay and Disruption	278	(2)
Owner-Caused Acceleration	280	(1)
Defective Drawings or Specifications	281	(1)
Inefficiency Claims	281	(2)
The Owner's Damages	283	(1)
Direct Damages	283	(2)
Consequential Damages	285	(1)
Liquidated Damages	286	(5)
Points to Remember	289	(2)
Resolution of Construction Disputes	291	(20)
Early Claim Recognition and Preparation	291	(1)
Early Involvement of Experts and Attorneys	292	(2)
The Use of Demonstrative Evidence	294	(1)
The Components of a Well-Prepared Claim Document	295	(2)
Importance of Calculating and Proving Damages	297	(1)
Pursuing Negotiation and Settlement	297	(1)
Alternative Dispute Resolution	298	(1)
Mediation	298	(1)
The Arbitration Alternative	299	(1)
Time and Costs of Arbitration	299	(1)
Selection of Arbitrators	300	(1)
Informality and Limited Appeals in Arbitration	301	(1)
Enforceability of Agreements to Arbitrate	301	(1)
Special Problems Involving Multiple Parties	302	(1)
Med/Arb	303	(1)
Other Forms of ADR: The Mini-Trial, Summary Jury Trial, and Dispute-Resolution Boards	303	(1)
Litigation	304	(1)
Profile of the Construction Trial	304	(1)
The Court System	305	(1)
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure	306	(1)
Discovery	307	(1)
Judge or Jury?	308	(1)
The Trial	308	(1)
Live Testimony	308	(3)
Points to Remember	310	(1)
Construction Insurance	311	(15)
The Importance of Insurance Planning	311	(1)
Types of Insurance	311	(1)
Commercial General Liability	312	(1)
``Occurrence'' versus ``Claims-Made'' Policies	312	(1)
Costs of Defense and Deductibles	313	(1)
Layers of Insurance	313	(1)
Additional Named Insured	313	(1)
Environmental Liability	314	(1)
Builder's Risk Insurance	314	(1)
Errors and Omissions Insurance	314	(1)
Contract Requirements for Insurance	315	(1)
Standard Contract Clause	315	(1)
Waiver of Subrogation	316	(1)
Proof of Insurance	316	(1)
Prompt Action to Protect Potential Coverage	317	(1)
Sensitivity to Insurance Issues	317	(1)
Immediate Notice	317	(1)
The Insurance Company's Response to Claims	318	(1)
The Insurance Company's Reservation of Rights	318	(1)
Litigation with the Insurance Company	319	(1)
Routine Coverage Issues	319	(1)
CGL Coverage Issues	320	(1)
Continuing Damages	320	(1)
Diminution in Value	320	(1)
Completed Operations	320	(1)
``Care, Custody and Control'' Exclusion	320	(1)
The ``Work Product'' Exclusion	321	(1)
Contractual Liability Exclusion	321	(1)
Builder's Risk Coverage Issues	321	(1)
Policy Periods	321	(1)
Fortuitous Loss	322	(1)
External Cause	322	(1)
Exclusions	322	(1)
Concurrent Causes	322	(4)
Points to Remember	323	(3)
Construction Industry Environmental Concerns	326	(16)
Sources of Regulation and Liability	326	(1)
CERCLA Liability	327	(1)
Strict Liability	327	(1)
Responsible Parties	328	(1)
Joint and Several Liability	329	(1)
Contribution	330	(1)
Storm Water Runoff	330	(1)
Air Quality, Asbestos, and Lead	331	(1)
Minimizing Environmental Risks	332	(1)
Conduct a Prebid Environmental Review of the Contract Documents	332	(1)
Exclude Hazardous Substances from the Scope of Work	333	(1)
Determine What Materials Will Be Encountered	333	(1)
Make an Environmental Prebid Inquiry on Every Renovation and Demolition Project	334	(1)
Contract Provisions and Indemnification	335	(1)
Insurance	336	(1)
Proper Management Techniques	337	(1)
Management Review of Environmental Risks	337	(1)
Have a Response Plan	338	(1)
Immediately Stop Work in the Affected Area	338	(1)
Inadvertent Asbestos Abatement	338	(1)
Inadvertent Lead Abatement	339	(1)
Provide Immediate Notice	340	(1)
Do Not Resume Work without Proper Authorization	340	(1)
Conclusion	341	(1)
Points to Remember	341	(1)
Bankruptcy in the Construction Setting	342	(20)
Introduction	342	(1)
The Bankruptcy Code	342	(1)
The Automatic Stay	343	(1)
Sanctions for Violation	343	(1)
Relief from the Automatic Stay	344	(1)
Preferential Transfers	344	(1)
Exceptions to the Voidable Preforence Rule	345	(2)
Discharge	347	(1)
Nondischargeable Debts	347	(1)
Status of the Debtor's Contracts	348	(1)
Executory Contracts	348	(1)
Affirmance or Rejection	348	(1)
Assignment	349	(1)
Minimizing the Impact on Executory Contracts	349	(1)
Terminate before Bankruptcy	350	(1)
Exercise Contract Rights	350	(1)
Seek Relief from the Automatic Stay	350	(1)
Seek a Time Limit on Affirming or Rejecting the Contract	351	(1)
Status of Material and Equipment	351	(1)
Property of the Debtor's Estate	351	(1)
Supplier's Right to Recover Goods	352	(1)
Stored Materials	352	(1)
Voiding Unperfected Security Interests	353	(1)
Status of Contract Funds	353	(1)
Unearned Contract Funds	354	(1)
Earned but Unpaid Contract Funds	354	(1)
Constructive Trust	354	(1)
Equitable Lien	355	(1)
Joint Check Agreements	355	(1)
Setoff	355	(1)
Recoupment	356	(1)
Surety Claims to Funds	357	(1)
Other Sources of Funds	357	(1)
Payment Bond Claims	357	(1)
Mechanics' Liens	358	(1)
Guarantors	359	(3)
Points to Remember	359	(3)
Alternative Contracting Methods: Multiprime Contracting, Construction Management and Design-Build	362	(18)
Traditional Approach to Construction: Advantages and Disadvantages	363	(1)
Multiprime Contracting and Fast-Tracking	364	(2)
Construction Management	366	(1)
Agency Construction Management	367	(1)
Construction Manager/General Contractor	367	(1)
Design-Build Contracting: What Works to Avoid Disputes	368	(1)
The Design-Builder's Perspective	368	(2)
The Owner's Viewpoint	370	(1)
Design-Build Project Checklist for Owners	371	(2)
The Successful Design-Build Project	373	(1)
Design-Build Aspects of Traditional Construction	374	(1)
Performance Specifications	374	(1)
Shop Drawings	375	(2)
Secondary Design Review	377	(3)
Points to Remember	378	(2)
Federal Government Construction Contract Disputes	380	(38)
The Scope and Importance of Federal Construction Contracting	380	(1)
Scope of the Contract Disputes Act	381	(3)
The Freedom of Information Act---A Claim-Preparation and Prosecution Aid	384	(1)
Contractor Claims	385	(1)
When Must a Claim Be Submitted?	386	(1)
Notice Requirements	387	(1)
Who May Submit a Claim?	387	(2)
What Constitutes a Claim?	389	(1)
Written Submission to the Contracting Officer	390	(1)
Elements of a Claim	391	(3)
Certification Requirement	394	(1)
Monetary Threshold for Certification	395	(1)
Modification of Claim Amount	396	(1)
CDA Certification Language	397	(2)
Supporting Data	399	(1)
Who May Certify the Claim?	400	(1)
Other Certification Requirements	401	(1)
Subcontractor Claim Certification	401	(2)
Government Claims	403	(2)
Contracting Officer's Decision	405	(1)
Time Allowed for Issuing the Decision	405	(1)
Contents of the Decision	406	(2)
Appeal Deadlines	408	(3)
Choosing a Forum---Board or U.S. Court of Federal Claims	411	(2)
Transfer and Consolidation of Cases	413	(1)
ADR and Federal Government Contract Disputes	413	(2)
Recovery of Attorneys' Fees in Government Contract Claims	415	(3)
Points to Remember	416	(2)
Successfully Managing Workers in the Construction Industry	418	(23)
Utilizing Employee Background Investigations	418	(3)
Employee Safety and Health	421	(1)
Wage and Hour Requirements	422	(1)
Basic Calculation	423	(1)
Overtime Calculation	424	(1)
Preliminary and Postliminary Time	424	(1)
Waiting and On-Call Time	425	(1)
Government Contracts	426	(2)
Independent Contractor Status Considerations	428	(1)
Employment Discrimination	429	(1)
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission	429	(1)
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964	429	(1)
The Americans with Disabilities Act	430	(1)
Age Discrimination in Employment Act	431	(1)
Equal Pay Act	432	(1)
Federal Contractor Affirmative Action	432	(1)
Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs	432	(1)
Executive Order 11246	433	(1)
Vietnam Era Veterans Readjustment Assistance Act of 1974	433	(1)
Rehabilitation Act of 1973	434	(1)
Family and Medical Leave Act	434	(2)
Union Activity	436	(1)
Union-Organizing Tactics	437	(1)
Salting	437	(1)
Intermittent/Partial Strikes	437	(1)
Nontraditional Picketing	438	(1)
Appropriate Employer Responses to Union Activism	438	(3)
Points to Remember	439	(2)
Index	441