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9780534536947

Social Forces and Aging

by ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780534536947

  • ISBN10:

    0534536948

  • Edition: 10th
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2003-07-21
  • Publisher: Cengage Learning

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Summary

Part One: SETTING THE STAGE. 1. The Scope of Social Gerontology. What is Gerontology? What is Human Aging? Defining the Aging and the Older Populations. Social Gerontology is a Unique Field of Study. Social Policy Issues. Professional Practice. Careers in the Field of Aging. Summary. 2. The Demography of Aging. Measuring Age Structure. Growth of the older Population. Composition of the Older Population. Geographic Distribution of the Older Population. Living Arrangements. Population Processes and the Older Population. Summary. 3. The History of Aging in America. Modernization Theory. Aging in Colonial America. From the Revolution to the Civil War, The Beginning of Industrialization. Civil War to 1900. 19 00 to 1929. The Great Depression. 1942 to 1965. 1965 to 1980. The 1980's. Modernization. Theory Revisited. Summary. Part Two: BASIC ASPECTS OF INDIVIDUAL AGING. 4. Physical Aging. Why We Grow Older. Physical Consequences of Aging. Summary. 5. Psychological Aspects of Aging. Aging and Specific Psychological Functions. Adult Development: Personality, Self , and Life Structure. Mental Disorders. Summary. 6. Social Aspects of Individual Aging. Defining Social Aging, Social Roles. The Cultural Life Course. Socialization and Acculturation. Role Anticipation and Adaptation. Social Factors in Individual Development. Aging and Changes in Social Context. Lifestyles. Summary. 7. Personal Adaptation to Aging. What is Adaptation? General Ways to Adapt. Specific Adaptations. Escape Rather Than Adaptation. Effective Adaptation. Summary. Part Three: AGING IN DOMAINS OF EVERYDAY LIFE. 8. Family, Friends, and Social Support. Types of Bonding. Family. Friends. Social Support. Summary. 9. Employment and Retirement. Midlife Career Changes. Employment Problems of Older Workers. Bridges to Retirement. Retirement. The Retirement Process. Effects of Retirements on Individuals. Summary. 10. Activities and Lifestyles. Concepts About Activities. Activities in Middle Adulthood. Aging and Changes in Activities. Spheres of Activity. What Activities are Desirable for Older People? Summary. 11. Religion and Spirituality. Concepts and Language. Organized Religion. Attending Religious Services. Informal Religious Behavior. Subjective Elements of Religion and Spirituality. Conceptions for Spiritual Development. Effects of Religion and Spirituality. Research Issues. Summary. 12. Dying, Death, Bereavement, and Widowhood. Defining Death. Dealing with Dying. Bereavement. Death of a Spouse. Summary. Part Four: AGING AFFECTS NEEDS AND RESOURCES. 13. Income and Housing. Income. Housing. Summary. 14. Health and Long-Term Care. Health Care, Health Care Needs. Long-Term Care, Regulation of Health and Long-Term Care. Summary. 15. Community Social Services. Community Facilities That Serve Older People. Services. The Organization and Financing of Social Services. Summary. Part Five: AGING AND SOCIETY. 16. Aging in Contemporary America Society and Culture. The Nature of Society and Culture. Ideas About Aging. Language. Age Prejudice an d Discrimination. Societal Disengagement. Age Stratification. Ethics. Law, and Aging. Summary. 17. Social Inequality. Social Class. Dimensions of Disadvantage. Race. Ethnicity. Gender. Multiple Jeopardy. Summary. 18. The Economy. Economic Ideology. Economic Structure. The Economic Functions of Retirement. The Economics of Retirement Income. Retirement Income in the Future. Private Enterprise and the Aging Problem. Aging People as Consumers. Economic Exploitation of Elders. Summary. 19. Politics and Government. Overview. Political Activity. Political Influence. Government Response to Issues Concerning Aging. Making Policy. Summary. 20. Epilogue: Aging and the Future. Directions of Social Change. Demographic clues to the future. The Future of Psychological Aging. The Future of Social Aging. Society's Futures Response. The Future of Social Gerontology. Summary. Glossary. Bibliography. Index.

Table of Contents

Preface xi
Part One Setting the Stage
Chapter 1 The Scope of Social Gerontology
2(22)
What Is Gerontology?
2(2)
Social Gerontology
3(1)
What Is Human Aging?
4(2)
Biological, Psychological, Social Psychological, and Social Aging
4(1)
The Two Faces of Aging
4(2)
Defining the Aging and the Older Populations
6(4)
Chronological Age
6(1)
Functional Age
7(1)
Life Stages
8(2)
Social Gerontology Is a Unique Field of Study
10(9)
Concepts and Theoretical Perspectives
10(4)
Factual Information
14(1)
Research Issues
15(3)
Diversity in Aging
18(1)
Social Policy Issues
19(1)
Professional Practice
20(1)
Careers in the Field of Aging
20(1)
Summary
21(2)
Suggestions for Further Reading
23(1)
Chapter 2 The Demography of Aging
24(20)
Measuring Age Structure
24(6)
Population Pyramids
24(2)
Proportion of Older People
26(1)
Dependency Ratios
27(1)
Life Expectancy
28(1)
How Populations Age
29(1)
Growth of the Older Population
30(1)
Composition of the Older Population
31(3)
Age and Sex
31(1)
Marital Status
32(1)
Education
32(1)
Income
33(1)
Implications
34(1)
Geographic Distribution of the Older Population
34(1)
Living Arrangements
34(2)
Population Processes and the Older Population
36(6)
Fluctuating Birth Rates
36(2)
Changes in Mortality
38(1)
Migration
38(4)
Summary
42(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
43(1)
Chapter 3 The History of Aging in America
44(33)
Modernization Theory
45(6)
Modernity: Central Ideas
45(1)
Aging and Modernization
46(2)
Aging in Colonial America
48(3)
From the Revolution to the Civil War
51(5)
The Beginnings of Industrialization
56(1)
Civil War to 1900
56(4)
Rise of Science
56(1)
Ideology of Material Progress
57(2)
Beginnings of Retirement
59(1)
Immigration
60(1)
1900 to 1929
60(3)
Changing Ways of Doing Work
60(1)
Age Discrimination and Poverty
61(2)
The Great Depression
63(4)
The Spread of Poverty
64(1)
The New Deal
64(3)
1942 to 1965
67(1)
Growth of Programs for Elders
67(1)
Inequities Amid Affluence
67(1)
1965 to 1980
68(1)
Legislation on Behalf of Older People
68(1)
Research on Aging
69(1)
The 1980's
69(2)
The 1990's
71(1)
Modernization Theory Revisited
72(2)
Summary
74(2)
Suggestions for Further Reading
76(1)
Part Two Basic Aspects of Individual Aging 77(110)
Chapter 4 Physical Aging and Health
78(22)
Why We Grow Older
78(4)
Genetic Functions
80(1)
Cross-Links and Free Radicals
80(1)
The Immune System
81(1)
Physiological Controls
81(1)
Summary of Physical Aging
82(1)
Physical Consequences of Aging
82(16)
Physical Energy
83(1)
Changes in Sleep
83(1)
Stature, Mobility, and Coordination
84(1)
Physical Appearance
85(1)
Sensory Processes
86(4)
The Perceptual Processes
90(1)
Other Physical Changes
91(2)
Aging and Physical Health
93(2)
Health Condition
95(3)
Summary
98(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
99(1)
Chapter 5 Psychological Aspects of Aging
100(37)
Aging and Specific Psychological Function
100(20)
Psychomotor Performance
101(2)
Mental Functioning
103(8)
Practical Implications of Research into Mental Functioning
111(5)
Drives, Motives, and Emotions
116(2)
Orientations: Time and Control
118(2)
Adult Development: Personality, Self, and Life Structure
120(11)
Stage Theories
120(3)
Process Theories
123(3)
Age Changes in Personality
126(1)
Age Changes in the Self
127(1)
Defending Personality and the Self
128(1)
When Defenses Fail
129(2)
Mental Disorders
131(2)
Summary
133(2)
Suggestions for Further Reading
135(2)
Chapter 6 Social Aspects of Individual Aging
137(26)
Defining Social Aging
137(1)
Social Roles
137(3)
How Aging Affects Social Roles
138(2)
The Cultural Life Course
140(6)
Dimensions of the Life Course
142(2)
Age Norms
144(1)
Decision Demands
145(1)
Socialization and Acculturation
146(1)
Role Anticipation and Adaptation
147(1)
Social Factors in Individual Development
148(1)
Aging and Changes in Social Context
149(8)
Role Changes
149(7)
Changes in Groups
156(1)
Changes in Environments
156(1)
Lifestyles
157(3)
Summary
160(2)
Suggestions for Further Reading
162(1)
Chapter 7 Adaptation to Aging
163(24)
What Is Adaptation?
163(1)
General Ways to Adapt
164(4)
General Strategies for Coping
167(1)
Specific Adaptations
168(8)
Adapting to Changes on the Job
168(1)
Adapting to Less Income
168(1)
Adapting to Chronic Illness and Disability
169(2)
Adapting to Increased Dependency
171(1)
Adapting to Lost Roles or Activities
171(3)
Coping with Threats to Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
174(2)
Adapting to Positive Changes in Roles and Life Goals
176(1)
Escape Rather Than Adaptation
176(4)
Isolation
177(1)
Use of Alcohol
178(1)
Drug Abuse
179(1)
Suicide
179(1)
Effective Adaptation
180(3)
Summary
183(2)
Suggestions for Further Reading
185(2)
Part Three Aging in Domains of Everyday Life 187(150)
Chapter 8 Family, Friends, and Social Support
188(47)
Types of Bonding
188(1)
Family
189(37)
Demographic Factors
191(2)
Couplehood
193(8)
Other Types of Couples
201(1)
Older People Not in Couples
201(1)
Older Parents and Adult Children
202(10)
Adult Children as Caregivers
212(5)
Siblings and Other Kin
217(2)
Family Caregiving
219(3)
Grandparenthood
222(4)
Friends
226(4)
Factors Influencing Friendship
226(1)
Approaches to Friendship
227(1)
Changes in Friendship
228(2)
Social Support
230(2)
Summary
232(2)
Suggestions for Further Reading
234(1)
Chapter 9 Employment and Retirement
235(36)
Declining Labor Force Participation in Middle and Later Life
236(2)
Employment Problems of Older Workers
238(5)
Age Discrimination
239(3)
Labor Market Problems
242(1)
Disability
243(1)
Bridges to Retirement
244(1)
Retirement
244(3)
The Changing Link Between People and Jobs
245(1)
The Evolution and Institutionalization of Retirement
246(1)
The Retirement Process
247(14)
Aging and Attitudes Toward Jobs and Employment
247(2)
Attitudes Toward Retirement
249(1)
Retirement Preparation
249(2)
The Decision to Retire
251(5)
Who Does Not Retire?
256(1)
Retirement as an Event
257(1)
Retirement as a Role
257(1)
Phases of Retirement
258(3)
Effects of Retirement on Individuals
261(6)
Situational Consequences
263(2)
Personal Adjustment
265(1)
Differences by Race and Gender
266(1)
Summary
267(3)
Suggestions for Further Reading
270(1)
Chapter 10 Activities and Lifestyles
271(23)
Concepts about Activities
272(3)
Continuity and Activities
273(2)
Activities in Middle Adulthood
275(2)
The Meaning of Activity
275(1)
Activity Competence
276(1)
Gender, Social Class, and Ethnicity
276(1)
Aging and Changes in Activities
277(5)
Completion of Child Rearing
278(1)
Retirement
279(1)
Widowhood
280(1)
Physical Aging
280(1)
Increasing Disability
281(1)
A Move to Congregate Housing
281(1)
Institutionalization
282(1)
Spheres of Activity
282(9)
The Job
282(1)
Community Organizations
282(3)
Education
285(4)
The Home
289(1)
Special Activities
290(1)
What Activities Are Desirable for Older People?
291(1)
Summary
292(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
293(1)
Chapter 11 Religion and Spirituality
294(22)
Concepts and Language
296(2)
Organized Religion
298(2)
Attending Religious Services
300(1)
Informal Religious Behavior
301(1)
Subjective Elements of Religion and Spirituality
302(3)
Conceptions of Spiritual Development
305(3)
Effects of Religion and Spirituality
308(5)
Summary
313(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
314(2)
Chapter 12 Dying, Death, Bereavement, and Widowhood
316(21)
Defining Death
317(3)
The Meaning of Death
318(2)
Dealing with Dying
320(4)
The Role of the Dying Person
320(1)
The Process of Dying
320(2)
Needs and Tasks of the Dying Person
322(1)
Permitting People to Die
322(1)
Living Will Directive
323(1)
Care of the Dying
324(2)
Bereavement
326(2)
Anticipatory Grief
328(1)
Death of a Spouse
328(6)
Being a Widow
329(4)
Being a Widower
333(1)
Comparisons Between Widows and Widowers
333(1)
Summary
334(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
335(2)
Part Four Aging Affects Needs and Resources 337(86)
Chapter 13 Income and Housing
339(29)
Income
339(14)
Income Distribution
339(1)
Income Needs
340(3)
Income Sources
343(6)
Income Problems and Aging
349(4)
What Can Be Done?
353(1)
Housing
353(12)
Aging in Place
354(1)
Relocation
355(2)
Housing Alternatives
357(3)
Relocation Problems
360(1)
Retirement Housing
361(1)
Retirement Nomads
362(1)
Housing Problems
363(1)
Who Has Housing Problems?
364(1)
Summary
365(2)
Suggestions for Further Reading
367(1)
Chapter 14 Health Care and Long-Term Care
368(36)
Health Care
368(6)
Health-Care Needs
369(2)
Types of Health-Care Problems
371(1)
Who Has Health-Care Problems?
372(1)
Mental Health Care
372(1)
Medication Management Problems
373(1)
Financing Health Care
374(12)
Medicare
374(3)
Medicare Diagnostic Related Groups
377(1)
Medicare Managed Care
378(2)
Medicaid
380(2)
Private Health Plans
382(3)
Gaps in Financing for Health Care
385(1)
Long-Term Care (Personal Care)
386(4)
Who Has Problems?
387(2)
The Future of Personal Care Service Delivery
389(1)
Health and Personal Care Service Integration
390(1)
Models of Service
390(2)
Regulation of Health Care and Long-Term Care
392(4)
Regulating the Quality of Care
392(2)
Regulating the Cost of Care
394(2)
Health Care: An Agenda for Change
396(4)
Patient and Client Flow
396(2)
The Structure of Advocacy
398(2)
Summary
400(2)
Suggestions for Further Reading
402(2)
Chapter 15 Community Social Services
404(19)
The Organization and Financing of Social Services
405(1)
The Older Americans Act (OAA)
405(4)
The Social Services Block Grant (SSBG)
409(1)
Older Americans Act Services
410(3)
Information and Access Services
410(1)
Assessment and Case Management Services
410(1)
Community-Based Services
411(1)
In-Home Services
411(1)
Services to Protect Elders' Rights
412(1)
Private Social Service Programs
413(1)
Challenges in Social Service Delivery
413(8)
The Effectiveness' of Nursing Home Ombudsman Programs
413(1)
Utilization of Senior Centers
414(1)
The Complex Problems of Elder Abuse and Neglect
414(3)
Guardianship and Conservatorship
417(1)
Access and Equity in the Allocation of Scarce Resources
418(1)
Unmet Needs
418(3)
Summary
421(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
422(1)
Part Five Aging and Society 423(128)
Chapter 16 Aging in Contemporary American Society and Culture
424(26)
The Nature of Society and Culture
424(2)
Ideas about Aging
426(13)
Language
426(1)
Values
427(1)
Beliefs
428(2)
Stereotypes
430(3)
Aging as Portrayed in Mass Media
433(6)
Age Prejudice and Discrimination
439(3)
Exchange Theory and Age Discrimination
441(1)
Societal Disengagement
442(1)
Atrophy of Opportunity
443(1)
Age Stratification
443(3)
Ethics, Law, and Aging
446(2)
Biomedical Ethics
446(2)
Summary
448(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
449(1)
Chapter 17 The Economy
450(25)
Economic Ideology
450(1)
Economic Structure
451(1)
The Economic Functions of Retirement
452(1)
The Economics of Retirement Income
453(1)
Sources of Retirement Income
453(6)
Retirement Income Issues
455(3)
The Tax System and Older Adults
458(1)
Retirement Income in the Future
459(3)
Is Population Aging Responsible for Today's Economic Woes?
461(1)
Financing Social Security
462(2)
Productivity and Older Adults
464(1)
Private Enterprise and the Aging Population
465(3)
Aging People as Employees
465(1)
Aging People as Consumers
465(3)
Economic Exploitation of Elders
468(3)
Aging People with Limited Resources
471(1)
Summary
472(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
473(2)
Chapter 18 Social Inequality
475(23)
Social Class
475(1)
Inequality
476(2)
Defining Inequality
476(1)
Trends in Inequality
476(2)
Class Status
478(3)
Class Mobility and Income Redistribution
481(2)
Dimensions of Disadvantage
483(11)
Poverty's Multiple Impacts
483(1)
Race
484(6)
Ethnicity
490(1)
Women and Men
491(2)
Immigrants
493(1)
The Changing Composition of America's Older Population
494(1)
Multiple Jeopardy
494(1)
Future Implications of Current Trends
495(1)
Summary
495(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
496(2)
Chapter 19 Politics and Government
498(27)
Overview of the U.S. Government
498(3)
The Nature of Political Activity
501(4)
Political Opinions
501(1)
Voting
502(1)
Party Affiliation
503(1)
Holding Political Office
504(1)
Political Influence
505(15)
Older People as an Interest Group
505(2)
Advocacy for Older People
507(3)
Political Legitimacy and Utility
510(1)
Political Trends
511(4)
Social Insurance
515(1)
The Politics of Social Security
516(4)
Making Policy
520(2)
Summary
522(2)
Suggestions for Further Reading
524(1)
Chapter 20 Epilogue: Aging and the Future
525(26)
Directions of Social Change
525(4)
Demographic Clues About the Future
529(2)
Aging of the Baby Boom Population
531(1)
The Future of Physical Aging
532(3)
The Impact of Biomedical Research
532(1)
Changing Patterns of Death and Illness
532(1)
Impact of the Wellness Movement
533(2)
The Future of Psychological Aging
535(2)
The Future of Social Aging
537(4)
Society's Future Response
541(5)
Major Policy Issues for the Future
542(4)
The Future of Social Gerontology
546(3)
The Need for Ongoing Research
546(1)
Education and Training
547(1)
Jobs in the Field of Gerontology
548(1)
Summary
549(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
550(1)
Glossary 551(4)
Bibliography 555(34)
Photo Credits 589(1)
Index 590

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