Social and Personality Development

by Abbott; Tina

• ISBN13: 9780415231046
• ISBN10: 0415231043
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2002-01-02
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

This introductory text covers a range of central topics in personality and developmental psychology. The book is arranged in three parts. Part one covers the main theories of personality and describes the different approaches taken, such as the psychometric, psychodynamic and social learning approaches. Part two defines gender and describes its development. Part three considers the development of adolescents and the concepts and theories of this area.Social and Personality Developmentprovides a concise, easily understood introduction to these topics. The book will be of interest to those studying education, nursing and other related disciplines.

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations	xiii
Acknowledgements	xv
Introduction	1	(4)
Why choose to study personality, gender and adolescence?	1	(1)
Personality	1	(1)
Gender	2	(1)
Adolescence	3	(1)
What questions remain?	4	(1)
Section I PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT	5	(62)
Two approaches to the study of personality	7	(8)
The study of personality	7	(2)
Defining personality	8	(1)
The value of studying personality	8	(1)
Idiographic and nomothetic approaches	9	(2)
Idiographic approaches	9	(1)
Nomothetic approaches	10	(1)
Advantage and disadvantages	11	(1)
Nomothetic versus idiographic	12	(1)
Conclusion	12	(1)
Summary	13	(2)
Trait and type theories	15	(18)
Introduction	15	(1)
Eysenck's type theory	16	(5)
The final dimension	18	(1)
The use of psychometrics	19	(1)
The biological basis of Eysenck's type theory	20	(1)
Conditionability	21	(1)
Evaluation of Eysenck's theory	21	(4)
Twin studies	21	(1)
Clinical trials	22	(1)
Laboratory studies	22	(1)
Validity checks	22	(2)
Other criticisms	24	(1)
New research	24	(1)
Allport's trait theory	25	(3)
Allport's traits	26	(1)
The uniqueness of traits	27	(1)
Assessing personality	28	(1)
Evaluation of Allport's approach	28	(1)
Comparing Eysenck and Allport	29	(1)
Summary	30	(3)
Psychoanalytic theory	33	(18)
Introduction	33	(1)
Freud's psychoanalytic theory	34	(2)
The conscious, preconscious and unconscious mind	35	(1)
Freud's personality theory	36	(7)
The id, ego and superego	37	(2)
Defence mechanisms	39	(2)
The psychosexual stages	41	(2)
The phallic stage	43	(2)
Evaluation	45	(4)
The unconscious mind	45	(1)
The Oedipal complex	45	(2)
Erich Fromm's explanation	47	(1)
John Bowlby's explanation	48	(1)
Evaluation of defence mechanisms	49	(1)
Summary	49	(2)
Social learning approaches	51	(16)
Introduction	51	(1)
Bandura's social learning theory	52	(7)
Observational learning theory	54	(3)
Self-regulation	57	(1)
Self-esteem	57	(1)
Self-punishment	58	(1)
Self-efficacy	58	(1)
Evaluation	59	(3)
Realism	60	(1)
Media influences	61	(1)
Mischel's theory of personality	62	(2)
Evaluation	64	(1)
Can we predict behaviour?	64	(1)
Conclusion	65	(1)
Summary	65	(2)
Section II GENDER DEVELOPMENT	67	(36)
Social and biological approaches to gender identity	69	(18)
Definition of gender	69	(1)
Gender identity and sex role stereotypes	70	(4)
The effects of sex role stereotypes on behaviour	71	(1)
Research evidence applied to gender differences	72	(2)
Social learning theory	74	(3)
Modelling	74	(2)
Differential reinforcement	76	(1)
Observations	77	(1)
Beverley Fagot
Other research into the effects of social models	78	(1)
Evaluation	78	(1)
Biosocial theory	79	(1)
Evaluation	80	(2)
Cross-cultural studies	82	(2)
The work of Margaret Mead	83	(1)
Evaluation	84	(1)
Summary	84	(3)
Cognitive development theories	87	(8)
Cognitive development theories	87	(1)
Kohlberg's theory of gender development	88	(2)
Gender labelling	88	(1)
Gender stability	89	(1)
Gender constancy	89	(1)
Evaluation	90	(2)
Evidence from other studies	91	(1)
Gender schemas	92	(1)
Gender schema theory	92	(1)
Conclusion	93	(1)
Summary	94	(1)
An alternative view of gender identity	95	(8)
Psychological androgyny	95	(4)
Comparisons with sexual identity	97	(1)
BSRI categories	97	(2)
Bem's gender schema theory	99	(1)
Evaluation	99	(2)
Research by Frable and Bem	100	(1)
Frable and Bem's findings	101	(1)
Conclusion	101	(1)
Summary	102	(1)
Section III ADOLESCENCE	103	(64)
The concept of adolescence	105	(16)
Definition of adolescence	105	(1)
Physical development	106	(3)
Cross-cultural differences in the onset of menarche	106	(1)
Primary sexual changes	107	(1)
Secondary sexual changes	107	(2)
Adolescent sexuality	109	(2)
The search for identity	111	(1)
Psychological turmoil?	111	(1)
Correlates of stress during adolescence	112	(4)
Self-perception	112	(1)
Self-harm	113	(1)
Eating disorders	114	(2)
The timing of puberty	116	(1)
Coleman's focal theory	116	(1)
Evaluation	117	(1)
Summary	118	(3)
Theories of adolescence	121	(14)
Introduction	121	(1)
Erikson's whole life theory	122	(5)
Stage one: trust versus mistrust	123	(1)
Stage two: autonomy versus shame and doubt	123	(1)
Stage three: initiative versus guilt	123	(1)
Stage four: industry versus inferiority	124	(1)
Stage five: identity versus role confusion	124	(2)
Stage six: intimacy versus isolation	126	(1)
Stage seven: generativity versus stagnation	126	(1)
Stage eight: ego integrity versus despair	127	(1)
Evaluation	127	(3)
Research evidence concerning adolescence	129	(1)
Marcia's identity theory	130	(1)
The four statuses	130	(1)
Evaluation	131	(1)
Conclusion	132	(1)
Summary	132	(3)
Other influences on development	135	(12)
Introduction	135	(1)
Influence of peers on social behaviour	136	(1)
Friends	136	(1)
Do peers influence conformity?	137	(1)
Relationship with parents during adolescence	137	(2)
Cultural differences in adolescent behaviour	139	(2)
The effect of peers cross-culturally	139	(1)
Cultural differences in attitudes towards education	140	(1)
Cultural differences in the occurrence of adolescent pregnancy	141	(4)
The outcome of adolescent pregnancy	143	(1)
The effects of adolescent pregnancy on the child	143	(1)
Can the negative effects be reduced?	144	(1)
Chapter summary	145	(2)
Study aids	147	(20)
Improving your essay-writing skills	147	(2)
Practice essay 1	149	(2)
Practice essay 2	151	(3)
Practice essay 3	154	(3)
Key research summaries	157	(1)
Article 1	157	(5)
Article 2	162	(5)
Glossary	167	(8)
References	175	(16)
Index	191